A communication device that includes an antenna including a first electrode and a second electrode, at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode including a plurality of segmented electrodes. The communication device further includes a communication circuit, coupled to the antenna, that performs a transmission operation and a reception operation of transmission data between a device and the communication circuit based on a communication protocol that includes a plurality of communication stages. The communication device further includes a switch that switches whether or not each of the plurality of segmented electrodes is to be coupled to the communication circuit and a controller that changes an effective electrode area of at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode by the switch, based on at least one of the operations of the communication circuit, a type of the transmission data, or the communication stages.

A communication system comprising a communication unit having a local wireless communication mechanism, a remote wireless communication mechanism, a processor, and a power supply; and, at least one of a sensor unit having a sensor mechanism, a local wireless communication mechanism and a power supply. Each of the communication unit and at least one sensor unit is provided in a discreet housing and can be arranged proximal to each other unit to form a cluster. Each local wireless communication mechanism can communicate data to each other local wireless communication mechanism within the cluster. The communication unit remote wireless communication mechanism is operable to communicate outwith the cluster.

Disclosed is a tag apparatus for attaching things based on human body communication, including: a tag main body for human body communication configured to be attached to a thing to transmit identification information on a thing to a human body communication receiving device through human body communication during the contact of the human body with the thing; a case configured to protect the tag main body for human body communication; and a thing attachment portion configured to be exposed to an outside of the case to be attached to a particular part of the thing, detect when the human body contacts or approaches the thing, and forms a human body communication channel to output identification information on the thing.

A device is configured to transmit tissue conductance communication (TCC) signals by generating multiple TCC signals by a TCC transmitter of the IMD. The generated TCC signals are coupled to a transmitting electrode vector via a coupling capacitor to transmit the plurality of TCC signals to a receiving medical device via a conductive tissue pathway. A voltage holding circuit holds the coupling capacitor at a DC voltage for a time interval between two consecutively transmitted TCC signals.

Techniques to enable near field communication using electric field (E-field) are proposed. When the wavelength of a signal is long relative to the human body, the human body can behave as a conductive hollow cylinder. By capacitively coupling the human body with a transmitter and/or a receiver, the human body itself can be used as a communication medium.

A method for implementing a many-to-one concurrent transmission medium access control (MAC) protocol for underwater acoustic networks, including: initializing a network; setting a timer; initiating, by a receiving node, a control frame to perform handshakes with multiple nodes; exchange ID, level and location of the receiving node and a sending node, and counting the number of nodes that generate a sending notification (SN) message before timeout; and planning, by the receiving node, a receiving scheduling time of data from different nodes according to the number of successful handshake nodes, distance from each sending node to the receiving node, and data packet size; and performing data transmission.

A plurality of frequency orthogonal signals are transmitted into a person. At least one of the plurality of frequency orthogonal signals is received at a receiving antenna or conductor. The received signal is measured. Characteristics of the received signal are used to establish a result related to that person.

Techniques are described for user authentication based on a signal that is transmitted through an individual's body, and detected using device(s) in physical contact with the individual. A signal, such as an electrical signal or a vibrational signal, may be transmitted from a first device and received by a second device that is in physical contact with the individual. The received signal may be employed to determine a body signature for the individual. The body signature may identify the individual among a population of individuals, given the particular alterations to the propagating signal caused by the individual's physiology. Accordingly, the body signature may be employed as a form of biometric data that is useable to authenticate the individual to access a secure area, log in to a device or an application, or for other purposes.

The present invention relates to a system for the control of a medical implant in a mammal body. The system comprises a first and a second part being adapted for communication with each other. In the system the first part is adapted for implantation in the mammal body for the control of and communication with the medical implant, and the second part is adapted to be worn on the outside of the mammal body and adapted to receive control commands from a user and to transmit these commands to the first part.

A system and method for transmitting data ultrasonically through biological tissue employs a network of a plurality of nodes, at least a portion of the nodes implantable within the biological tissue. At least one implanted node includes a transmitter having an orthogonal frequency division multiplex signal generator to encode an ultrasonic signal for transmission through the biological tissue to an ultrasonic receiver at another node.