A method for receiving a signal during an intrabody communication via a user carrying a terminal. The method is performed by the terminal and includes: receiving a signal from a communication device, indicating that the user moved closer to the device between two instants; detecting, in the signal received, a first radio frame generated between the two instants, the first frame being at the same frequency as that of the signal received; detecting, in the signal received, a second radio frame generated between the two instants, the second frame being at a different frequency to that of the signal received; comparing the first frame to the second frame; and validating a transaction based on the presence or absence of information common to the first and second compared frames.

A method for recognizing a user carrying a terminal capable of receiving a radio signal coming from a device equipped with an antenna suitable for transmitting the signal. The signal is intended to be transmitted between the device and the terminal by using electromagnetic wave conduction capacities of the body of the user when at least one part of his/her body is in the vicinity of the antenna. When the user makes a characteristic movement, to move the part of his/her body close to the antenna, the device transmits a characteristic signal of the movement. The method includes: receiving a signal coming from the device; generating a characteristic datum of the movement; obtaining at least one signature; comparing the characteristic datum with the signature; and depending on the results of the comparison, recognizing the user.

Provided are a human body communication device and an operating method of the same. The human body communication device according to an embodiment of the inventive concept includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a transmitting circuit, a receiving circuit, a ground electrode, and a switch. The transmitting circuit generates a first signal in a transmitting mode and transmits the first signal to the first electrode. The receiving circuit receives a second signal from the first electrode in the receiving mode. The receiving circuit includes a differential amplifier that amplifies a difference between a voltage level of a first input terminal depending on the second signal and a voltage level of a second input terminal. The switch electrically connects the second electrode and the ground electrode in the transmitting mode, and electrically connects the second electrode and the second input terminal in the receiving mode.

In an example embodiment, an optical communication system includes an implantable optical transmitter and an external optical receiver. The transmitter includes a housing having one or more drivers, plural light emitting sources, and an optical element arranged therein. Each driver converts a digital data signal into modulation signals to drive the sources. Each source generates a light beam in response to a corresponding modulation signal, each light beam contributing to form a single optical signal. The optical element directs the light beams to exit the housing such that a peak position of light intensity of each light beam is separated from a corresponding peak position of light intensity of an adjacent light beam by at least a first distance and less than a second distance. The optical receiver includes at least one photodiode that detects light generated by the sources and generates a reconstructed data signal.

A method for operating a bone conduction communication system can include establishing a communicable connection, operating a transducer in an input mode wherein the bone conduction transducers are configured to detect a vibration associated with a bone of the user; transmitting an audio signal over the communicable connection; and operating the transducers responsive to the audio signal.

A wearable device provides protection for personal identity information by fragmenting a key needed to release the personal identity information among members of a body area network of wearable devices. A shared secret algorithm is used to allow unlocking the personal identity information with fragmental keys from less than all of the wearable devices in the body area network. The wearable devices may also provide protection for other personal user data by employing a disconnect and erase protocol that causes wearable devices to drop connections with an external personal data space and erase locally stored personal information if a life pulse from a connectivity root device is not received within a configurable predefined period.

In an example embodiment, an optical communication system includes an implantable optical transmitter and an external optical receiver. The transmitter includes a housing having one or more drivers, plural light emitting sources, and an optical element arranged therein. Each driver converts a digital data signal into modulation signals to drive the sources. Each source generates a light beam in response to a corresponding modulation signal, each light beam contributing to form a single optical signal. The optical element directs the light beams to exit the housing such that a peak position of light intensity of each light beam is separated from a corresponding peak position of light intensity of an adjacent light beam by at least a first distance and less than a second distance. The optical receiver includes at least one photodiode that detects light generated by the sources and generates a reconstructed data signal.

Transbody communication systems employing communication channels are provided. Various aspects include, for example, an in vivo transmitter to transmit an encoded signal; a transbody functionality module to facilitate communication of the encoded signal; and a receiver to receive the encoded signal. Methods and apparatus are also provided.

A communication apparatus performs communication while suppressing an increase in power consumption. The communication apparatus includes a periodic signal generating unit, a clocking unit, a multiplication unit, and a communication processing unit. The periodic signal generating unit generates a predetermined periodic signal. The clocking unit clocks time in synchronization with the predetermined periodic signal generated by a frequency signal generating unit. The multiplication unit multiplies the predetermined periodic signal generated by the frequency signal generating unit to supply the signal as a multiplied signal. The communication processing unit performs predetermined communication processing in synchronization with the multiplied signal generated by the multiplication unit.

A communication apparatus performs communication while suppressing an increase in power consumption. The communication apparatus includes a periodic signal generating unit, a clocking unit, a multiplication unit, and a communication processing unit. The periodic signal generating unit generates a predetermined periodic signal. The clocking unit clocks time in synchronization with the predetermined periodic signal generated by a frequency signal generating unit. The multiplication unit multiplies the predetermined periodic signal generated by the frequency signal generating unit to supply the signal as a multiplied signal. The communication processing unit performs predetermined communication processing in synchronization with the multiplied signal generated by the multiplication unit.