A communication module includes a plurality of communication interfaces that support a plurality of different types of communication interface standards to implement a general-purpose communication module that enables data communication not depending on types of equipment. A plurality of programs to be executed in the communication module include a first app to be executed on an OS (Operating System) and one or a plurality of second apps to be executed on the OS. Each of one or more second apps is an app that performs communication in accordance with one or more types of communication protocol on one or more communication interface standards and is an app that can be arbitrarily installed and arbitrarily uninstalled. The first app is an app as middleware between the OS and the one or the plurality of second apps.

Systems and methods are disclosed herein that relate to Time Sensitive Communication (TSC) to Fifth Generation (5G) Quality of Service (QoS) mapping and associated QoS binding. In one embodiment, a method for QoS mapping in a 5G System (5GS) for a virtual Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) bridge comprises, at a first network function, obtaining information from a TSN Application Function (AF) comprising baseline TSC QoS parameters and one or more additional parameters comprising either or both of: (a) one or more additional TSC QoS attributes and (b) one or more additional traffic attributes. The method further comprises, at the first network function, generating one or more Policy and Charging Control (PCC) rules based on the obtained information and providing the one or more PCC rules to a second network function. The method further comprises, at the second network function, performing QoS binding based on the one or more PCC rules.

Systems and methods described herein include receiving, at a network device and from a session management device, a first message that includes a first identifier associated with a subscriber and a second identifier associated with a first service that is charged using an online charging system. The network device transmits a second message that indicates a first time period in which to report data usage associated with the first service and a second time period in which to report data usage associated with one or more second services that are charged using an offline charging system. The network device receives first data usage information associated with the first service after the first time period and second data usage information associated with the one or more second services after the second time period. The network device processes the data usage information.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a non-transitory, machine-readable medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processing system including a processor, facilitate performance of operations including receiving a call; selecting a next carrier to handoff the call; generating a call data record (CDR) for the handoff to the next carrier; encrypting the CDR using a call encryption key, thereby creating an encrypted CDR; encrypting the encrypted CDR using a committee encryption key, thereby creating a double encrypted CDR; recording the double encrypted CDR to a blockchain; and sending the call encryption key to the next carrier. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Charging interval authorizations according to the techniques disclosed herein provide for credit reservation and charging of whole charging intervals across two or more credit containers(36) in or linked to a subscriber account (34), without the need for redefining the charging interval size, even where the types of credit units differ between or among the credit containers (36) used to authorize the charging interval. Among the various advantages, the disclosed techniques preserve the original charging interval size, which may be defined for reasons of signaling efficiency, while simultaneously allowing the reservation or consumption of credit units from credit containers (36) having insufficient remaining credit for authorization of the full charging interval.

Charging interval authorizations according to the techniques disclosed herein provide for credit reservation and charging of whole charging intervals across two or more credit containers(36) in or linked to a subscriber account (34), without the need for redefining the charging interval size, even where the types of credit units differ between or among the credit containers (36) used to authorize the charging interval. Among the various advantages, the disclosed techniques preserve the original charging interval size, which may be defined for reasons of signaling efficiency, while simultaneously allowing the reservation or consumption of credit units from credit containers (36) having insufficient remaining credit for authorization of the full charging interval.

The present application relates to the technical field of communications, and provides a parameter configuration method, apparatus and system, a device and a storage medium. The method comprises: a core network sends parameter configuration information to a relay terminal device, wherein the parameter configuration information is used for configuring QoS parameters between the relay terminal device and a remote terminal device in the case of starting a reflective QoS mechanism. The present application ensures the quality of service transmission between the relay terminal device and the remote terminal device.

One example involves a communications server providing communications services to remotely-situated client entities, wherein each client entity is associated with users and each user is associated with a communication device. The server may verify a first authentication factor for a user among the users, and generate a communication request that includes a first portion specifying at least one target endpoint associated with the user and a second portion associated with or indicating the security code and that includes a set of instructions which: are specific to the user, which specify how to communicate the security code for the user, and which specify different security codes for different types of communications. Via the server, the security code is sent to the user according to the set of instructions, and verified via a second authentication factor associated with or for the user by comparing input from the user to the security code.

The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses related to mobile network systems. In an implementation, a method comprises configuring, by an application function (AF) of an apparatus in a mobile network system, a policy control function (PCF) to provide a plurality of Quality of Service (QoS) levels for a session related to an application or a service; and requesting, by the AF, the PCF to configure the plurality of QoS levels, wherein a QoS flow is associated with a plurality of QoS profiles for configuring the plurality of QoS levels in response to the QoS flow being established.

Provided in the embodiments of the present application are a method and device for monitoring network data. The method comprises: a NWDAF determines a terminal UE to be monitored that requires network data analysis and the type of data analysis for the UE to be monitored; the NWDAF determines a provider network function network element and a monitoring event which correspond to the UE to be monitored according to the type of data analysis for the UE to be monitored, the provider network function network element being used to provide source data for the UE to be monitored which is related to the data analysis type, and the monitoring event being used to indicate to the provider network function network element to monitor the source data; and the NWDAF sends the monitoring event to the provider network function network element.