An upper radiation thermometer is provided obliquely above a semiconductor wafer to be measured. The upper radiation thermometer includes a photovoltaic detector that produces an electromotive force when receiving light. The photovoltaic detector has both high-speed responsivity and good noise properties in a low-frequency range. The upper radiation thermometer does not require a mechanism for cooling because the photovoltaic detector is capable of obtaining sufficient sensitivity at room temperature without being cooled. There is no need to provide a light chopper and a differentiating circuit in the upper radiation thermometer. This allows the upper radiation thermometer to measure the front surface temperature of the semiconductor wafer with a simple configuration both during preheating by means of halogen lamps and during flash irradiation.

Various aspects of the present disclosure are directed to electronic cigarette temperature compensation.

A cooking appliance includes a housing having a cooking compartment, which is surrounded by a bottom surface, a pair of side surfaces, and a back surface of the housing, and has an upper surface and a front surface which are open. A door includes a door upper surface part which covers the upper surface of the housing and a door front surface part which is connected to a front side of the door upper surface part and covers the front surface of the housing and opens and closes the upper surface and the front surface of the housing by rotating about a rear side of the door upper surface part. A heating part is installed in at least one of the housing or the door.

An automatically resettable smoking paraphernalia includes the following components: an outer upper shell, a smoking cup provided inside the outer upper shell, a pushing key, and a spring, etc., wherein the smoking cup, the spring, the outer upper shell can be detached and replaced as a whole, the smoking cup can stick out of the outer upper shell by a distance to extract and unload the cigarette, and then automatically reset. Besides, the smoking cup is hidden inside the upper outer shell, so as to prevent the exposed smoking cup with an excessively high temperature from burning users, meanwhile avoiding a risk of losing the smoking cup.

A heating device for calender cylinders, comprising a core cylinder arranged coaxially in a cylinder adapted to support a plurality of heating elements; the core cylinder and the cylinder adapted to support the heating elements are configured to be accommodated in a fixed manner within a rotating calender cylinder; the core cylinder has an inlet for the passage of air which is adapted to make air flow and gather inside the core cylinder.

A portable blower assembly includes a cylinder that has an exhaust port integrated into the cylinder. A handle extends around the cylinder and the handle can be gripped by a user for directing the exhaust port toward a vehicle. A blower is rotatably integrated into the cylinder to urge air outwardly through the exhaust port thereby facilitating the air to be directed onto the vehicle for drying the vehicle when the blower is turned on. A heater is integrated into the cylinder such that the heater is in thermal communication with an interior of the cylinder. The heater is positioned between the blower and the exhaust port to heat the air is blown by the blower for enhancing drying the vehicle.

An optical heating device includes: a chamber that accommodates a workpiece; a supporter that supports the workpiece in the chamber; a plurality of solid-state light sources emitting heating light toward a main surface of the workpiece; a plurality of reference light sources that emit reference light toward the main surface of the workpiece when power of the same power value is supplied to each of the reference light sources; a plurality of photodetectors that corresponds to the respective reference light sources, and that output signals in response to the intensity of the reference light that has been received; and a controller that executes a reference mode and a heating mode, the reference light sources and the corresponding photodetectors are arranged to face each other through the workpiece, and the photodetectors are configured to receive the reference light emitted from the reference light sources and transmitted through the workpiece.

Various examples are provided of low power, rapid response on-device heaters and methods of calibrating the device within a linear operating region, which is reached and maintained through control of the on-device heater. A system to be calibrated includes a sensor to measure the temperature and relative humidity of the system, a heater coupled to the sensor, a heater controller coupled to the heater to control the heater to heat the system, and a processor coupled to the sensor and the heater controller. The processor controls the heater based on temperature measured by the sensor to perform a calibration process for the system including calculating a calibration factor, and to determine whether to abort the calibration process based on relative humidity measured by the sensor indicating that the system is outside the linear operating region.

A carrier containing a plurality of semiconductor wafers in a lot is transported into a heat treatment apparatus. Thereafter, a recipe specifying treatment procedures and treatment conditions is set for each of the semiconductor wafers. Next, a reflectance of each of the semiconductor wafers stored in the carrier is measured. Based on the set recipe and the measured reflectance of each semiconductor wafer, a predicted attainable temperature of each semiconductor wafer at the time of flash heating treatment is calculated, and the calculated predicted attainable temperature is displayed. This allows the setting of the treatment conditions with reference to the displayed predicted attainable temperature, to thereby easily achieve the setting of the heat treatment conditions.

The present disclosure relates to apparatus and methods for heating a lens for a light source. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a heating unit for use in a vehicle light, methods of installation and control systems for the heating unit. For example, a heating unit according to the present disclosure includes a connector configured to maintain an electronic connection between a heating element and a control circuit by a bias force, such as a spring force. Instead of forming a fixed attachment with the heating element, the connector is pushed against the heating element to maintain connection therebetween. The non-fixed contact to the heater provides reliability, flexibility and simplicity to the heating unit.