Apparatuses and methods for applying EM energy to a load are provided. The apparatuses and methods may include at least one processor configured to receive information indicative of energy dissipated by the load for each of a plurality of modulation space elements. The processor may also be configured to associate each of the plurality of modulation space elements with a corresponding time duration of power application, based on the received information. The processor may be further configured to regulate energy applied to the load such that for each of the plurality of modulation space elements, power is applied to the load at the corresponding time duration of power application.

Apparatuses and methods for applying EM energy to a load are provided. The apparatuses and methods may include at least one processor configured to receive information indicative of energy dissipated by the load for each of a plurality of modulation space elements. The processor may also be configured to associate each of the plurality of modulation space elements with a corresponding time duration of power application, based on the received information. The processor may be further configured to regulate energy applied to the load such that for each of the plurality of modulation space elements, power is applied to the load at the corresponding time duration of power application.

An electrical power transmission line conductor having a bundle of at least one electrical conductor configured for transmission of high voltage alternating current electrical power, at least one strengthening structure bundled with the electrical conductor to provide physical support to the electrical conductor, and at least one magnetocaloric structure having magnetocaloric material. A changing magnetic field generated by transmission of high voltage alternating current electrical power via the at least one conductor causes the magnetocaloric material composition to exhibit a magnetocaloric effect to regulate the operating temperature of the electrical power transmission line conductor.

An electrical power transmission line conductor having a bundle of at least one electrical conductor configured for transmission of high voltage alternating current electrical power, at least one strengthening structure bundled with the electrical conductor to provide physical support to the electrical conductor, and at least one magnetocaloric structure having magnetocaloric material. A changing magnetic field generated by transmission of high voltage alternating current electrical power via the at least one conductor causes the magnetocaloric material composition to exhibit a magnetocaloric effect to regulate the operating temperature of the electrical power transmission line conductor.

A hydrogen jet system includes an evacuated recirculation duct, with a pump to circulate gas around the recirculation duct and a control nozzle to form a jet of gas; means to provide hydrogen gas into the duct; and an electrical device to provide energy into the jet of gas so as to form hydrogen atoms. The jet of gas is arranged to pass through a hollow electrode shell defining opposed apertures that are aligned with the jet of gas; and a target electrode is arranged beyond the electrode shell and also aligned with the jet of gas, so that hydrogen atoms would impact with the target electrode. The electrode shell and the target electrode are each connected to an external electrical terminal. The electrode shell and the target electrode may each define heat exchange channels to remove heat energy during operation.

An object has at least a first source of light secured thereto. At least a first light-bearing conduit operably couples to this source of light and also to at least a first heat-dispersion component that is also secured to the object. So configured, the heat-dispersion component responds to reception of light from at least the first source of light via at least the first light-bearing conduit by dispersing heat derived from the light.

An object has at least a first source of light secured thereto. At least a first light-bearing conduit operably couples to this source of light and also to at least a first heat-dispersion component that is also secured to the object. So configured, the heat-dispersion component responds to reception of light from at least the first source of light via at least the first light-bearing conduit by dispersing heat derived from the light.

A heat generator having first and second members disposed around a shaft. One of the members has an electrically conducting portion and the other of the members has magnets mounted thereon opposite the electrically conducting portion. A passage for fluid to be heated between the magnets and the electrically conducting portions is thus formed. The magnets are arranged so that their magnetic fields intersect the electrically conducting portions. The heat generator includes an impeller and heats liquid as the high pressure drive of a hydraulic motor.

A method for forming an impact weld used in an additive manufacturing process is provided. The method includes providing a metallic material for impact welding to a substrate. The metallic material is propelled toward the substrate with a sufficient velocity to form an impact weld for welding the metallic material to the substrate. Further, the method includes traversing the substrate in a direction relative to a direction from which the metallic material is propelled and repeating the propelling so that a layer of additive material is deposited on the substrate as desired. In addition, a method for forming an impact welding used in an additive manufacturing process via discharge actuated arrangement is provided.

A method for forming an impact weld used in an additive manufacturing process is provided. The method includes providing a metallic material for impact welding to a substrate. The metallic material is propelled toward the substrate with a sufficient velocity to form an impact weld for welding the metallic material to the substrate. Further, the method includes traversing the substrate in a direction relative to a direction from which the metallic material is propelled and repeating the propelling so that a layer of additive material is deposited on the substrate as desired. In addition, a method for forming an impact welding used in an additive manufacturing process via discharge actuated arrangement is provided.