There is provided an exit window for an electron beam from a linear accelerator for use in producing radioisotopes. The exit window comprises a cylindrical channel operatively connectable at one end to a vacuum chamber configured for travel of the electron beam; and a domed dished head at the other end of the channel, the dished head comprising a convex portion having a protruding crown configured for pass-through of the electron beam wherein the geometry of the domed dished head is proportioned to resist pressure stress created by cooling medium circulating around the protruding crown and the vacuum in the cylindrical channel and to maintain the combined cooling medium pressure stress and pulsed electron beam thermal stress below the fatigue limit of the material forming the exit window.

Systems, devices, and methods for converting a raw neutron beam to a specified deliverable format having a targeted energy range, size, and direction are described. Embodiments of a neutron beam converter can include numerous regions based on location, function, dimension, and/or constituent material. The regions can include a central region, an intermediate region, a peripheral region, and a frontal region. Materials are also described.

Systems, devices, and methods for converting a raw neutron beam to a specified deliverable format having a targeted energy range, size, and direction are described. Embodiments of a neutron beam converter can include numerous regions based on location, function, dimension, and/or constituent material. The regions can include a central region, an intermediate region, a peripheral region, and a frontal region. Materials are also described.

The disclosure provide an apparatus for producing a nuclide by using a liquid target which can perform the nuclear reaction process and can discharge the radioactive gas such as Radon within the vial. As described above, an apparatus for producing a nuclide by using a liquid target according to the present disclosure can minimize quantitative loss of a reactant by performing the nuclear reaction process using a target of a liquefied state and reusing a liquefied target on which the nuclear reaction process has not been performed, and can improve safety by enabling the radioactive gas generated to be disposed.

The disclosure provide an apparatus for producing a nuclide by using a liquid target which can perform the nuclear reaction process and can discharge the radioactive gas such as Radon within the vial. As described above, an apparatus for producing a nuclide by using a liquid target according to the present disclosure can minimize quantitative loss of a reactant by performing the nuclear reaction process using a target of a liquefied state and reusing a liquefied target on which the nuclear reaction process has not been performed, and can improve safety by enabling the radioactive gas generated to be disposed.

A system for producing technetium-99m from molybdate-100. The system comprises: a target capsule apparatus for housing a Mo-100-coated target plate; a target capsule pickup apparatus for engaging, and delivering the target cell apparatus into a target station apparatus; target station apparatus for receiving and mounting therein the target capsule apparatus. The target station apparatus is engaged with a cyclotron for irradiating the Mo-100-coated target plate with protons. The irradiated target capsule apparatus is transferred to a receiving cell apparatus comprising a dissolution/purification module for receiving therein a proton-irradiated Mo-100-coated target plate. A conveyance conduit infrastructure interconnects: (i) the target capsule pickup apparatus with the target station apparatus, (ii) the target station apparatus and the receiving cell apparatus; and (iii) the receiving cell apparatus and the dissolution/purification module.

A carrier for an irradiated target includes a first portion and a second portion having inner walls. One or both of the first and second portions has a recess extending inwardly from the inner wall thereof to receive the irradiated target. The first and second portions are removably attachable in sealing engagement. The inner walls face each other and form a barrier around the recess upon the first and second portions being removably attached. A fastening system provided on one or both of the first and second portions maintains the first and second portions in sealing engagement. There is also disclosed a kit of the carrier and the irradiated target, a dissolution system for producing a solution from the irradiated target, and a corresponding method.

Among the various aspects of the present disclosure is the provision of methods for producing radioisotopes and improving the specific activity of radioisotopes (e.g., Cu-64 chloride). As described herein, the method includes matching of the target material and the proton beam strike area or the proton beam strike shape, resulting in improved specific activity while reducing the amount of target material used.

Among the various aspects of the present disclosure is the provision of methods for producing radioisotopes and improving the specific activity of radioisotopes (e.g., Cu-64 chloride). As described herein, the method includes matching of the target material and the proton beam strike area or the proton beam strike shape, resulting in improved specific activity while reducing the amount of target material used.

Provided herein are systems, devices, articles of manufacture, and methods for generating neutrons employing a high energy ion beam target (HEM target) and a target backing configured to be in contact with the bottom surface of the HEIB target (e.g., to generate an ion beam target assembly). In certain embodiments, the HEM target has a thickness that is less than the penetration depth of protons or deuterons in the high energy ion beam that strikes the target. In certain embodiments, the target backing comprises a high hydrogen diffusion metal (e.g., palladium), has open spaces dispersed throughout for reduced proton diffusion distances, and has a shape and thickness such that all, or virtually all, of the protons or deuterons that pass through the HEIB target are stopped. Also provided herein are systems, devices, and methods for changing targets in an ion beam accelerator system.