NASA, ESA, and Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) have undertaken studies (e.g., “Lunar Ice-Trap ISRU Mining, Processing and Storage Infrastructure: An infrastructure that mines and breaks down lunar ice into oxygen and hydrogen fuel”) to determine likely sources of water and oxygen for human colonies on Mars or Moon. Some of these studies are university-level research through fund allocations for departmental research, or through student interest in space exploration. Other studies are conducted at national levels through space agencies and through privately funded space probes. One of these studies was executed by the JAXA determined the source of the lunar-ice on the Moon (from the Kaguya/ZELENE lunar probe). JAXA estimated that 90 metric tons of Earth's atmosphere escapes per day with oxygen ions reaching energies of between 1 keV and 10 keV.

A magnetic field measuring device that measures a magnetic field distribution of a cyclotron, the magnetic field measuring device including a measurement unit that is disposed between a pair of magnetic poles of the cyclotron and measures the magnetic field distribution and a cable that is connected to the measurement unit, in which the cable reaches a side wall of the cyclotron from a center portion of the cyclotron by passing between the pair of magnetic poles.

An electromagnetic field control member includes an insulating member constituted of a cylindrical ceramic and having a plurality of through holes along an axial direction, a conductive member constituted of metal and closing the through holes so as to provide an opening that opens in an outer periphery of the insulating member, and a power supply terminal connected to the conductive member. The power supply terminal is located away from an inner wall of the insulating member forming the through holes, and has a first end and a second end in the axial direction, and at least one of the first end and the second end is located farther away from the inner wall than a central portion of the power supply terminal.

An electromagnetic field control member includes an insulating member constituted of a cylindrical ceramic and having a plurality of through holes along an axial direction, a conductive member constituted of metal and closing the through holes so as to provide an opening that opens in an outer periphery of the insulating member, and a power supply terminal connected to the conductive member. The power supply terminal is located away from an inner wall of the insulating member forming the through holes, and has a first end and a second end in the axial direction, and at least one of the first end and the second end is located farther away from the inner wall than a central portion of the power supply terminal.

The present disclosure provides a self-contained system that contains a plurality of target cartridges, automatically inserts a selected target cartridge into position for irradiation, advances a foil to facilitate irradiation over the target chamber, replaces the foil for additional irradiation (if desired), serves as a dissolution cell for retrieval of the irradiated material, removes the used target cartridge and inserts a new cartridge for subsequent cycles of operation. Consequently, only the dissolved target material and dissolution medium are transferred between the target system and any post processing cells/labs. Accordingly, a system is disclosed for processing a target material without disturbance to irradiated material (thereby eliminating risk of impurities) and without requiring manual access/intervention (thereby eliminating risk of exposure).

The present disclosure provides a self-contained system that contains a plurality of target cartridges, automatically inserts a selected target cartridge into position for irradiation, advances a foil to facilitate irradiation over the target chamber, replaces the foil for additional irradiation (if desired), serves as a dissolution cell for retrieval of the irradiated material, removes the used target cartridge and inserts a new cartridge for subsequent cycles of operation. Consequently, only the dissolved target material and dissolution medium are transferred between the target system and any post processing cells/labs. Accordingly, a system is disclosed for processing a target material without disturbance to irradiated material (thereby eliminating risk of impurities) and without requiring manual access/intervention (thereby eliminating risk of exposure).

A magnetic field measuring device that measures a magnetic field distribution of a cyclotron, the magnetic field measuring device including a measurement unit that is disposed between a pair of magnetic poles of the cyclotron and measures the magnetic field distribution and a cable that is connected to the measurement unit, in which the cable reaches a side wall of the cyclotron from a center portion of the cyclotron by passing between the pair of magnetic poles.

The present disclosure provides a self-contained system that contains a plurality of target cartridges, automatically inserts a selected target cartridge into position for irradiation, advances a foil to facilitate irradiation over the target chamber, replaces the foil for additional irradiation (if desired), serves as a dissolution cell for retrieval of the irradiated material, removes the used target cartridge and inserts a new cartridge for subsequent cycles of operation. Consequently, only the dissolved target material and dissolution medium are transferred between the target system and any post processing cells/labs. Accordingly, a system is disclosed for processing a target material without disturbance to irradiated material (thereby eliminating risk of impurities) and without requiring manual access/intervention (thereby eliminating risk of exposure).

The present disclosure provides a self-contained system that contains a plurality of target cartridges, automatically inserts a selected target cartridge into position for irradiation, advances a foil to facilitate irradiation over the target chamber, replaces the foil for additional irradiation (if desired), serves as a dissolution cell for retrieval of the irradiated material, removes the used target cartridge and inserts a new cartridge for subsequent cycles of operation. Consequently, only the dissolved target material and dissolution medium are transferred between the target system and any post processing cells/labs. Accordingly, a system is disclosed for processing a target material without disturbance to irradiated material (thereby eliminating risk of impurities) and without requiring manual access/intervention (thereby eliminating risk of exposure).

Devices, systems, and methods for efficiently preparing and containing a small volume of liquid target material for irradiation by a cyclotron are provided. In various embodiments, a device includes a housing having a chamber and the housing has a top surface that is substantially flat. The chamber has a substantially flat base and a wall having a first portion extending from the base with a first radius of curvature and a second portion extending from the first portion having a second radius of curvature that is less than the first radius. The chamber also includes an inlet aperture, an outlet aperture, and a lip having a second surface that is substantially flat and recessed from the first surface. In various embodiments, the device includes a heat sink including a plurality of parallel fins disposed around the chamber.