The present disclosure relates to a device that includes a perovskite layer, a first charge-transport layer, and an adhesion layer, where the adhesion layer is positioned between the charge transport layer and the perovskite layer, the adhesion layer forms a first bond with the charge transport layer, and the adhesion layer forms a second bond with the perovskite layer.

Continuing a sequence of lensless light-field imaging camera patents beginning 1999, the present invention adds light-use efficiency, predictive-model design, distance-parameterized interpolation, computational efficiency, arbitrary shaped surface-of-focus, angular diversity/redundancy, distributed image sensing, plasmon surface propagation, and other fundamentally enabling features. Embodiments can be fabricated entirely by printing, transparent/semi-transparent, layered, of arbitrary size/curvature, flexible/bendable, emit light, focus and self-illuminate at zero-separation distance between (planar or curved) sensing and observed surfaces, robust against damage/occultation, implement color sensing without use of filters or diffraction, overlay on provided surfaces, provided color and enhanced multi-wavelength color sensing, wavelength-selective imaging of near-infrared/near-ultraviolet, and comprise many other fundamentally enabling features. Embodiments can be thinner, larger/smaller, more light-use efficient, and higher-performance than recently-popularized coded aperture imaging cameras. Vast ranges of diverse previously-impossible applications are enabled: credit-card cameras/phones, in-body monitoring of healing/disease, advanced biomarker analysis systems, perfect eye-contact video conferencing, seeing fabrics/skin/housings, and manufacturing-monitoring, wear-monitoring, and machine vision capabilities.

There is provided a photoelectric conversion film including a quinacridone derivative represented by the following General formula and a subphthalocyanine derivative represented by the following General formula.

An organic photodetector includes an activation layer including a p-type semiconductor compound and an n-type semiconductor compound, an optical auxiliary layer including a first optical auxiliary layer including a first amine compound and a second optical auxiliary layer including a second amine compound, a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy absolute value of the first amine compound is smaller than a HOMO energy absolute value of the second amine compound, and the first optical auxiliary layer faces the first electrode.

Provided are a photoelectric device, a light absorption sensor, a sensor-embedded display panel, and an electronic device. The photoelectric device includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, and a light absorbing layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the light absorbing layer is configured to absorb light of a red wavelength spectrum, a green wavelength spectrum, a blue wavelength spectrum, an infrared wavelength spectrum, or any combination thereof, the light absorbing layer includes a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor, and the n-type semiconductor includes a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1. Details for Chemical Formula 1 are as described in the detailed description.

A photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode (13), a photoelectric conversion layer (16) over the first electrode, and a second electrode (18) over the photoelectric conversion layer. The photoelectric conversion element further includes a surface protection portion (19) adjacent to a face of one electrode selected from the first electrode and the second electrode where the face does not face the photoelectric conversion layer. The surface protection portion contains a compound derived from a fluorine-based silane compound.

A solar cell includes a first substrate, a first hole transport layer, a first photoelectric conversion layer containing a perovskite compound, and a second photoelectric conversion layer containing a photoelectric conversion material in this order. A band gap of the perovskite compound is greater than a band gap of the photoelectric conversion material. With respect to an absorption wavelength of the first photoelectric conversion layer 3, a refractive index n.sub.A of the first hole transport layer 2 satisfies refractive index of the first substrate?n.sub.A?refractive index of the first photoelectric conversion layer. Further, with respect to a transmission wavelength of the first photoelectric conversion layer 3 and an absorption wavelength of the second photoelectric conversion layer 5, a refractive index n.sub.B of the first hole transport layer 2 satisfies refractive index of the first substrate?n.sub.B?refractive index of the first photoelectric conversion layer.

According to an aspect, a detection device includes: a base member having a first principal surface; a detection area provided to the first principal surface; a sensor including a plurality of photodiodes; gate lines; signal lines; and a light emission device. The light emission device includes light sources. A lit area in which the light emission device is lit up is a portion of the detection area overlapping the light sources. A portion of the detection area not overlapping the lit area is an unlit area in which the light emission device is not lit up. Photodiodes that overlap the unlit area are selected from among the photodiodes, and amounts of light received by the selected photodiodes are read.

A perovskite photodiode includes a first electrode and a second electrode, and a perovskite photoelectric conversion layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including a Pb-free perovskite, and an auxiliary layer between the first electrode and the perovskite photoelectric conversion layer, and including a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1.

##STR00001##

In Chemical Formula 1, X.sup.1, X.sup.2 and R.sup.1 to R.sup.6 are as defined in the specification.

A thin-film solar cell allowing for transparency, according to an embodiment of the present invention, comprises: multiple first electrode layers disposed on the top portion of a glass substrate so as to be spaced apart from each other on the glass substrate and have a predetermined pattern; a lower end layer disposed below the first electrode layers; an upper end layer disposed between the first electrode layers and the lower end layer, and formed on the top surface of the lower end layer through a dry etching process by using the first electrode layers as masks; and a barrier layer disposed in an area of the top surface of the lower end layer other than an area in which the upper end layer is formed.