A display apparatus includes: a display panel including: a display area configured to display an image, and a non-display area, at least one first sound generator in the display area, and at least one second sound generator in the non-display area, wherein each of the at least one first sound generator and the at least one second sound generator is configured to vibrate the display panel to generate sound toward a front of the display panel.

Described herein are compositions comprising hole carrier materials, typically conjugated polymers, and fluoropolymers ink compositions comprising hole carrier materials and fluoropolymers, and uses thereof, for example, in organic electronic devices.

The present invention provides a light extraction substrate for an organic light emitting device, comprising: a base substrate; a scattering layer formed on the base substrate and made of TiO.sub.2; a plurality of first light scatterers formed inside the scattering layer and having a porous form; and a flat layer formed on the scattering layer, wherein the scattering layer is internally permeated by a part of the materials constituting the flat layer.

An electronic circuit device includes a plurality of logic circuit elements which output an output signal by performing a preset operation on an input signal. Transistors constituting the logic circuit elements each have a gate electrode provided on a substrate, an insulating layer electrically insulating the gate electrode, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a semiconductor layer. Input signal wiring, to which the input signal is applied, is connected to the gate electrode and provided inside the insulating layer on the substrate. Output signal wiring, from which the output signal is taken out, is connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode and provided inside the insulating layer on the substrate. An electronic circuit performing a preset processing is constituted with the plurality of logic circuit elements.

The present disclosure provides a novel material for an organic light emitting device, and an organic light emitting device using same, the novel material being usable both in an organic light emitting device and in a solution process. The present disclosure also provides an organic light emitting device comprising a polymer containing a repeating unit represented by the following Chemical Formula 1, and an ionic compound containing an anionic group represented by the following Chemical Formula 2 in a hole transporting layer:

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wherein all the variables are described herein.

Disclosed is a novel organometallic compound in which a main ligand (L.sub.A) has a fused ring structure including a thiophene group. The organometallic compound acts as a dopant of a phosphorescent light-emitting layer of an organic light-emitting diode. Thus, an operation voltage of the diode is lowered, and luminous efficiency and a lifespan thereof are improved.

Disclosed is a novel organometallic compound in which a main ligand (L.sub.A) has a fused ring structure including a thiophene group. The organometallic compound acts as a dopant of a phosphorescent light-emitting layer of an organic light-emitting diode. Thus, an operation voltage of the diode is lowered, and luminous efficiency and a lifespan thereof are improved.

Provided is a light-emitting device including a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer; and a heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 below, an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device, and the heterocyclic compound represented by Formula 1 below:

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A compound of Chemical Formula 1, and an organic light emitting device including the same, the compound used as a material of an organic material layer of the organic light emitting device and providing high color purity and enhanced lifetime properties. ##STR00001##

The present specification provides an amine compound of Chemical Formula 1 and an organic light emitting device including the same.