An improved method and apparatus for thermal-to-electric conversion involving relatively hot and cold juxtaposed surfaces separated by a small vacuum gap wherein the cold surface provides an array of single charge carrier converter elements along the surface and the hot surface transfers excitation energy to the opposing cold surface across the gap through Coulomb electrostatic coupling interaction.

Plasma polymerisation apparatus is disclosed including a reaction zone and at least one gas inlet for supplying at least one monomer in a gaseous form to the reaction zone, a first electrode and a second electrode spaced apart and configured to generate an electric field in the reaction zone to form plasma polymer nanoparticulate material from the at least one monomer, a plurality of collectors configured to collect plasma-polymer nanoparticulate material formed in the reaction zone, the plurality of collectors being located adjacent the second electrode, and a cooling device located adjacent the second electrode and configured to cool the plurality of collectors. Also disclosed is plasma polymerisation apparatus that includes a confinement grid extending between a first electrode and a second electrode of the apparatus.

An ultra-low voltage inverter includes a first inverter, a second inverter, and third inverter. The first inverter receives an input from a delay cell and generates an output for a subsequent delay cell. The second inverter is coupled to the first inverter. The third inverter is coupled to the first inverter, wherein outputs of the second and third inverters are coupled to source terminals of a p-type transistor and an n-type transistor of the first inverter, respectively. The ultra-low voltage inverter forms a delay cell, which is a building block of an ultra-low voltage ring-oscillator. A NAND gate is formed using three inverters such that outputs of two inverters are coupled to the p-type transistors of the NAND gate, while an output of the third inverter of the three inverters is coupled to an n-type transistor of the NAND gate.

In one example, a heating and cooling garment system includes a garment, and a plurality of heating and cooling zones positioned within a portion of the garment. Each heating and cooling zone is configured to independently heat or cool based on heating and/or cooling instructions received from a mobile application executed on a wireless device.

The presented agricultural invention and apparatus here shown and disclosed was developed for peoples in undeveloped countries, peoples affected by the changing climates to reduce water usage and reduce electricity usage, bringing more water retention in the soils used for growing food all year round, for heating and cooling purposes of food and peoples living areas. The invention presented here is an apparatus used with a generation of electricity apparatus that utilizes a plurality of solar photo voltaic panels in a rack mounting structure utilizing various apparatus for increasing water irrigation, reduce water usages, and reduce electricity usage costs and supply at a specific spatial point area. The invention was developed to help people in rural un developed areas as well as cities and industrial growing areas. Also included is an autonomous Virtual Currency related split payments apparatus for a mining aspect of rewarded distributions to poverty, animal, wildlife and environment beneficiaries.

A foothold including a thermoelectric module includes a body having an air channel in which a suction fan is provided and a dissipation channel in which a dissipation fan is provided, and a cover including an air discharge portion disposed on the body. Further, the thermoelectric element is disposed between the dissipation heat sink and the cover.

A TEG system is attached to a rotating shaft and generates electricity from radiant energy that is substantially radiatively transmitted through the atmosphere from a stationary source to the TEG system that is rotating with the shaft. The rotation of the shaft provides cooling to the TEG system, but not heat energy. The TEG system includes at least one TEG, each TEG equipped with an energy receiving and heat containment window and an energy conversion system in combination with controlled convection cooling enhanced by an airflow moving in response to the rotation of the rotating shaft. Individual TEGs having controlled convection cooling also are described.

An intraoral device includes a mouthpiece for receiving a dentition of a user. The intraoral appliance further includes an oxygen sensor and an infrared radiation emitter. The oxygen sensor may include a photoplethysmography sensor. The intraoral device may further include a thermoelectric power source to supply power to the infrared radiation emitter and the photoplethysmography sensor.

An optical module includes: a thermoelectric cooler with an upper surface and a lower surface, the lower surface fixed to the first surface of the conductive block, the thermoelectric cooler having a Peltier device therein configured to transfer heat between the upper surface and the lower surface; a metal layer laminated on the upper surface of the thermoelectric cooler; a ground wire connecting the first surface of the conductive block and the metal layer; a photoelectric device adapted to convert an optical signal and an electrical signal at least from one to another; a mounting substrate on which the photoelectric device is mounted, the mounting substrate fixed to the upper surface of the thermoelectric cooler with at least the metal layer interposed therebetween, the mounting substrate having a first wiring pattern electrically connected to the photoelectric device.

An in-contact temperature measurement probe, which can measure temperature accurately on the surface of a current carrying wire, rod, heater, or other device, while maintaining the safety of the user via employing non-electrically conductive but thermally conductive materials.