Provided is a magnetic sensor using an anomalous Hall effect. Nonmagnetic metal layers are disposed on and below a ferromagnetic material so as to form a Hall voltage corresponding to a change in applied magnetic field. Linearity and saturation magnetization of the magnetic sensor depend on a thickness of the nonmagnetic metal layer and a thickness of the ferromagnetic material. In addition, provided is a Hall sensor using an anomalous Hall effect. Nonmagnetic metal layers are formed with respect to a ferromagnetic layer, and CoFeSiB constituting the ferromagnetic layer has a thickness ranging from 10 Å to 45 Å. A magnetic easy axis is formed in a direction perpendicular to an interface due to interface inducing action of the nonmagnetic metal layers. In addition, the Hall sensor includes a sensing region having a rhombic shape, an electrode line portion having a line shape, and a pad portion.

A memory device may comprise a substrate defining a main plane; a plurality of memory cells each comprising a SOT current layer disposed in the main plane of the substrate and a magnetic tunnel junction residing on the SOT current layer; and a bit line and a source line to flow a write current in a write path including the SOT current layer of a selected memory cell. The source line comprises a conductive magnetic material providing a magnetic bias field extending to the magnetic tunnel junction of the selected memory cell for assisting the switching of the cell state when the write current is flowing.

The present disclosure provides a spin-orbit torque structure having a high spin Hall angle and low resistance by including a topological material. In addition, the present disclosure provides a spin-orbit torque structure having a low power consumption density by including a topological material. Also, a magnetic memory device including the spin-orbit torque structure is provided.

A magnetic memory device including a lower electrode on a substrate; a conductive line on the lower electrode; and a magnetic tunnel junction pattern on the conductive line, wherein the conductive line includes a first conductive line adjacent to the magnetic tunnel junction pattern; a second conductive line between the lower electrode and the first conductive line; and a high resistance layer at least partially between the first conductive line and the second conductive line, a resistivity of the second conductive line is lower than a resistivity of the first conductive line, and a resistivity of the high resistance layer is higher than the resistivity of the first conductive line and higher than the resistivity of the second conductive line.

An image sensor includes an array of optically switchable magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) arranged in columns and rows. The image sensor has first lines of transparent conductive material and second lines of conductive material. Each first line is in contact with the free layers of the MTJs in a corresponding row. Each second line is electrically connected to the fixed layers MTJs in a corresponding column. The first lines are concurrently exposable to radiation. The first and second lines are selectively biasable. In a global reset operation, biasing conditions are such that all MTJs are switched to an anti-parallel state. In a global sense operation, biasing conditions are such that, depending upon the intensity of radiation received at those portions of the first lines in contact with MTJs, the MTJs may switch to a parallel state. In selective read operations, biasing conditions are such that stored data values in the MTJs can be read.

A magnetic memory device includes a spin-orbit torque (SOT) induction structure which may be strained and seedless and formed with a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. A magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) stack is disposed over the SOT induction structure. A spacer layer may decouple layers between the SOT induction structure and the MTJ stack or decouple layers within the MTJ stack. One end of the SOT induction structure may be coupled to a first transistor and another end of the SOT induction structure coupled to a second transistor.

A spin current magnetization rotational element includes: a spin-orbit torque wiring extending in a first direction; and a first ferromagnetic layer laminated in a second direction intersecting with the spin-orbit torque wiring, wherein the first ferromagnetic layer comprises a plurality of ferromagnetic constituent layers and at least one inserted layer sandwiched between adjacent ferromagnetic constituent layers, and polarities of spin Hall angles of two layers, which sandwich at least one of the ferromagnetic constituent layers among the plurality of the ferromagnetic constituent layers, differ.

A reservoir element according to an aspect of the present invention includes a plurality of ferromagnetic layers laminated in a first direction and separated from each other, at least one spin-orbit torque wiring that faces at least one of the plurality of ferromagnetic layers, and a spin transport layer that faces the plurality of ferromagnetic layers, connects at least the two ferromagnetic layers closest to each other among the plurality of ferromagnetic layers and transports spins.

The present disclosure generally relates to spin-orbital torque (SOT) differential reader designs. The SOT differential reader is a multi-terminal device that comprises a first shield, a first spin hall effect layer, a first free layer, a gap layer, a second spin hall effect layer, a second free layer, and a second shield. The gap layer is disposed between the first spin hall effect layer and the second spin hall effect layer. Electrical lead connections are located about the first spin hall effect layer, the second spin hall effect layer, the gap layer, the first shield, and/or the second shield. The electrical lead connections facilitate the flow of current and/or voltage from a negative lead to a positive lead. The positioning of the electrical lead connections and the positioning of the SOT differential layers improves reader resolution without decreasing the shield-to-shield spacing (i.e., read-gap).

A magnetic device includes a layer stack comprising a first ferromagnetic layer; a spacer layer on the first ferromagnetic layer; a second ferromagnetic layer on the spacer layer; a dielectric barrier layer on the second ferromagnetic layer; an insertion layer positioned between the second ferromagnetic layer and the dielectric barrier layer; and a fixed layer or an electrode on the dielectric barrier layer. In some examples, a magnetic orientation of the second ferromagnetic layer is switched by a bias voltage across the layer stack without application of an external magnetic field; an antiferromagnetic coupling of the first and second ferromagnetic layers is increased by the bias voltage applying a negative charge to the fixed layer or the electrode, and the antiferromagnetic coupling of the first and second ferromagnetic layers is decreased by the bias voltage applying a positive charge to the fixed layer or the electrode.