A heating panel includes a lower panel mounted on the floor and an upper panel serving as a cover of the lower panel. The lower panel includes: a plurality of first guides protruding upward from the bottom surface to guide installation of a heating hose; and a first air passage formed as a groove on the bottom surface and the surface of the first guide, and further includes a plurality of second guides protruding upward from the bottom surface, having the first air passage on the surface thereof, and disposed between the plurality of first guides to guide installation of the heating hose. The upper panel is coupled to the lower panel and includes: a second air passage formed on the bottom surface in a groove form; and a second fastening member coupled with the first fastening member.

The disclosure relates to a cryogen-free cooling apparatus for cooling a sample, comprising a vacuum chamber, a first cooling device which is configured to generate a first temperature in the vacuum chamber to provide a main thermal bath, a second cooling device, which is in connection with a sample stage on which a sample is to be arranged, wherein the second cooling device is a solid state cooler which is configured to provide a second temperature to the sample stage, and wherein the second temperature is different from the first temperature, and a sample loading device which is configured to change the sample while operating the first cooling device and the second cooling device, wherein the sample stage is held in the vacuum chamber by a plurality of first fibers of low thermal conductivity such that the sample stage is thermally decoupled from the main thermal bath.

A transfer tube for a thermal transfer device can include at least one wall having an inner surface and an outer surface, where the inner surface forms a cavity, where the at least one wall further has a first end and a second end. The first end can be configured to couple to a terminus of a heat exchanger of the thermal transfer device. The second end can be configured to couple to a collector box of the thermal transfer device. At least a portion of the at least one wall can be disposed in a vestibule of the thermal transfer device. The cavity can be configured to simultaneously receive a first fluid that flows from the first end to the second end and a second fluid that flows from the second end to the first end.

A railcar floor structure includes: a plurality of floor panels arranged over an entire length of a passenger room of a railcar in a car longitudinal direction and including respective electric heaters; a wiring duct extending in the car longitudinal direction and arranged between a side bodyshell and car width direction end portions of the floor panels; an electricity supply cable arranged at the wiring duct, electric power being supplied to the electric heaters through the electricity supply cable; and a wire insertion opening formed at a side wall portion of the wiring duct, the side wall portion being located close to the floor panels and extending along the car longitudinal direction, the electricity supply cable passing through the wire insertion opening.

A heater is described. The heater includes a fuel cell to produce heated air, electricity and water vapor. The heater further includes a heating element operatively coupled to the fuel cell to convert the electricity to heat and a control system operatively coupled to the fuel cell and the heating element, the control system being configured to monitor and control the fuel cell and heating element.

Thermally conductive cementitious compositions for use in flooring installations that are applied over a heat radiating flooring system to increase the thermal conductance of the flooring system and increase the rate of heating the flooring system. The thermally conductive cementitious compositions include a cementitious composition, amorphous flake graphite carbon, and an aqueous solution suitable for use as a thermally conductive mortar, grout or adhesive for flooring installations. The thermally conductive cementitious compositions also include a cementitious composition, mesh fine aluminum oxide, mesh coarse aluminum oxide, and an aqueous solution that provides a thermally conductive mortar, grout or adhesive for use in flooring installations.

A transparent heater comprising a conductive film and a connection part connectable to a power feeding apparatus, the conductive film comprising a transparent substrate and a conductive part comprising a fine metal wire pattern disposed on one side or both sides of the transparent substrate, wherein the fine metal wire pattern is constituted by a fine metal wire, and the fine metal wire has voids, and when the cross-sectional area of the fine metal wire is defined as S.sub.M and the total cross-sectional area of the voids included in the cross-section of the fine metal wire is defined as S.sub.Vtotal on the cross-section of the fine metal wire perpendicular to the direction of drawing of the fine metal wire, S.sub.Vtotal/S.sub.M is 0.10 or more and 0.40 or less.

A heat exchanger includes a plurality of flat heat transfer tubes and a header, wherein, in an interior portion of each of the plurality of flat heat transfer tubes, a plurality of upwind side channels and a plurality of downwind side channels are formed, the header includes a main body portion in which an interior portion space connected to the plurality of upwind side channels and the plurality of downwind side channels is formed, a partition member that divides the interior portion space into an upwind side space, and a flow inlet/outlet port that supplies a refrigerant to a lower part of the upwind side space, and, at a lower part of the partition member, a lower communication path that communicates the downwind side space and the upwind side space is formed.

A water heater system includes a gas burner configured to selectively produce flue gases, and a heat exchanger for heating water in the water heater system. The water heater system is operable in a heating mode, and a standby mode. An exhaust assembly is in communication with the heat exchanger, and includes a condensate collector configured to receive the flue gases and condensate. A first temperature sensor is positioned to sense a temperature of the condensate within the condensate collector. The first temperature sensor is configured to detect a rate of temperature change of the condensate. A controller is configured to determine a leakage when the rate of temperature change adjusts from a first state to a second state when the water heater system is in the standby mode after the water heater system was in the heating mode.

A heat exchanger comprising at least two substrates made of electro-caloric and/or pyroelectric material and stacked one on the other so as to form between the at least two substrates and at least one channel for a fluid; at least two electrodes at two opposed ends of the at least two substrates; a housing enclosing the stack of the at least two substrates and the at least two electrodes, and provided with at least one fluid connecting port; wherein the housing is made of a heat shrinkable flexible tube that is shrunk onto the stack of the at least two electrodes and forming the at least one fluid connecting port.