The invention relates to methods of capturing carbon by microbial fermentation of a gaseous substrate comprising CO into one or more first products which, in turn, may be incorporated into an article of manufacture or one or more second products.

A method for reducing a carbon emissions intensity of a fuel includes producing a first hydrocarbon fluid; capturing a carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) fluid from the first hydrocarbon fluid production; and injecting the captured carbon dioxide into a subterranean zone from one or more wellbores to enhance a production of a second hydrocarbon fluid from the zone, at least one of the first or the second hydrocarbon fluids processable into a hydrocarbon fuel that includes a low carbon intensity fuel based, at least in part, on the captured and injected CO.sub.2 fluid.

Disclosed herein is a method of regenerating a sorbent of gas in a capture process of said gas, wherein the capture process comprises recirculating the sorbent between a gas capturing system and regenerating reactor system, the method comprising the regenerating reactor system performing the steps of: receiving a solid sorbent to be regenerated, wherein the sorbent is a sorbent of carbon dioxide gas; generating heat by combusting a fuel with an oxidising agent in the presence of a catalyst; regenerating the sorbent by using the generated heat to indirectly heat the sorbent so that the sorbent releases carbon dioxide gas; outputting the regenerated sorbent; and outputting the released carbon dioxide gas. Advantages of the gas capture system include a higher efficiency than known techniques.

The invention relates to a steel mill adapted to provide gas stream(s) comprising CO to a microbial fermentation, the steel mill comprising a steel mill structure containing apparatus for a steel manufacturing process wherein said apparatus produces waste gases during various stages of the steel making process, said waste gases being directed into the atmosphere by a waste stack, wherein the waste stack is connected to a fermentation system by a transfer means connected to the waste stack to divert at least a portion of the waste gases to the microbial fermentation system.

Methods, systems and apparatus relate to producing synthesis gas or carbon and hydrogen utilizing a reduced catalyst CuOFe.sub.2O.sub.3. The method comprises introducing CH.sub.4; reducing the CuOFe.sub.2O.sub.3 with the introduced CH.sub.4, yielding at least a reduced metal catalyst; oxidizing the reduced metal with O.sub.2 yielding CuOFe.sub.2O.sub.3; and generating heat that would be used for the hydrogen and carbon or syngas production with the reduced catalyst CuOFe.sub.2O.sub.3.

The present invention provides a process for producing one or more products for use as a transportation or heating fuel. In various embodiments the process comprises treating a cellulosic feedstock in one or more processing steps that release extractives from the feedstock. A solids-liquid separation is subsequently conducted on the process stream comprising the extractives and solids. An aqueous stream comprising one or more of the extractives may be fed to an anaerobic digester to produce crude biogas from which one or more impurities may optionally be removed. In various embodiments the process further comprises providing a solids stream to a thermal process. A product produced or derived from the thermal process may displace a product made from fossil fuel. One or more products obtained or derived from at least one of the foregoing process steps are provided for use as a transportation or heating fuel. In various embodiments the process enables advantaged fuel credit generation.

The invention relates to a plant for generating negative emissions of CO.sub.2. The plant 100 comprises a gasifier 110, a lime kiln 130, a separator 150, and a CO.sub.2 permanent storage 170. The gasifier is suitable for receiving as input a fuel 111 and for producing as output a high-temperature syngas flow 114. The lime kiln is suitable for receiving as input carbonate mineral 131 and the high-temperature syngas flow, the lime kiln being further suitable for producing an oxide 134 and for releasing as output a flow of syngas 133 enriched with CO.sub.2. The separator is suitable for receiving as input a gas flow containing CO.sub.2 and for treating it so as to separately provide at least CO.sub.2 151. The CO.sub.2 permanent storage is suitable for enclosing along time the CO.sub.2. The invention also relates to a method for generating negative emissions of CO.sub.2.

Methods and systems to achieve clean fuel processing systems in which carbon dioxide emissions (1) from sources (2) may be processed in at least one processing reactor (4) containing a plurality of chemoautotrophic bacteria (5) which can convert the carbon dioxide emissions into biomass (6) which may then be used for various products (21) such as biofuels, fertilizer, feedstock, or the like. Sulfate reducing bacteria (13) may be used to supply sulfur containing compounds to the chemoautotrophic bacteria (5).

A nanoclay based solid sorbent is provided having a nanoclay with at least one surface, and at least one amine containing compound wherein the amine containing compound is attached to the surface, as well as a method of making it. A method of capturing carbon dioxide gas is disclosed includes passing a gas from an effluent process stream containing carbon dioxide through the nanoclay based solid sorbent and capturing the carbon dioxide gas on the surface and within the nanoclay based solid sorbent. The nanoclay based solid sorbent having the captured carbon dioxide gas is regenerated by undergoing one or more cycles of desorption of the captured carbon dioxide gas from the nanoclay. The regenerated nanoclay based solid sorbent may then be reused.

A method for producing a synthesis gas including carbon monoxide and hydrogen comprises a number of steps. In particular, the method comprises: a) providing a feedstock gas comprising methane and carbon dioxide, b) converting the feedstock gas into an intermediate product gas comprising carbon dioxide and water vapor and c) converting the intermediate product gas obtained in step b) into the synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen by means of electrolysis.

The synthesis gas including carbon monoxide and hydrogen can be obtained from biogas with particularly high efficiency by means of the described method and an appropriate apparatus. To this end, the conversion of the biogas in a fuel cell is coupled with co-electrolysis in an electrolysis cell.