Configurations and related processing schemes of specific direct or indirect inter-plants integration for energy consumption reduction synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of specific direct or indirect inter-plants integration for energy consumption reduction for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.

A process for production of ammonia includes: providing a reaction stream including carbon monoxide and hydrogen; passing the reaction stream and steam over a water gas shift catalyst in a catalytic shift reactor, forming a shifted gas mixture depleted in carbon monoxide and enriched in hydrogen; passing the shifted gas mixture with an oxygen-containing gas over a selective oxidation catalyst at 175 C., forming a selectively oxidized gas stream with a portion of the carbon monoxide converted to carbon dioxide; removing some of the carbon dioxide from the selectively oxidized gas stream in a carbon dioxide removal unit; passing the carbon dioxide depleted stream over a methanation catalyst in a methanator to form a methanated gas stream, optionally adjusting its hydrogen:nitrogen molar ratio to form an ammonia synthesis gas; and passing the ammonia synthesis gas over an ammonia synthesis catalyst in an ammonia converter to form ammonia.

Configurations and related processing schemes of specific inter-plants and hybrid, intra- and inter- plants waste heat recovery schemes for thermal energy consumption reduction in integrated refining-petrochemical facilities synthesized for grassroots medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries to increase energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste heat sources are described. Configurations and related processing schemes of specific inter-plants and hybrid, intra- and inter- plants waste heat recovery schemes for thermal energy consumption reduction in integrated refining-petrochemical facilities synthesized for integrated medium grade crude oil semi-conversion refineries and aromatics complex for increasing energy efficiency from specific portions of low grade waste sources are also described.

Method for the manufacture of a hydrogen-permeable membrane having a thickness of not greater than 30 m. The method includes plasma spraying at least one dense layer on a porous substrate such that during the plasma spraying, one sweep of a process beam deposits material particles over the substrate in a form of individual splats which do not produce a cohesive layer and said material particles include a proton-conducting ceramic material and an electron-conducting metallic component. The plasma spraying is LPPS-TF that utilizes a spraying distance of between 200 mm and 2000 mm, a sprayable powder starting material having a particle size range between 1 and 80 m and containing the proton-conducting ceramic material and the electron-conducting metallic component and a process beam dispersing the sprayable powder starting material to a cloud.

According to the present invention, organic material is converted to biogas through anaerobic digestion and the biogas is purified to yield a combustible fluid feedstock comprising methane. A fuel production facility utilizes or arranges to utilize combustible fluid feedstock to generate renewable hydrogen that is used to hydrogenate crude oil derived hydrocarbons in a process to make transportation or heating fuel. The renewable hydrogen is combined with crude oil derived hydrocarbons that have been desulfurized under conditions to hydrogenate the liquid hydrocarbon with the renewable hydrogen or alternatively, the renewable hydrogen can be added to a reactor operated so as to simultaneously desulfurize and hydrogenate the hydrocarbons. The present invention enables a party to receive a renewable fuel credit for the transportation or heating fuel.

A system for producing an American Petroleum Institute Standards Group III Base Stock from vacuum gas oil, by injecting hydrogen, heating, saturating the mixture through hydrogen reactors connected in series with a liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV).sup.1 of from 0.5 to 2.5, forming a saturated heated base oil, and coproduct. The system fractionates the saturated heated base oil to while simultaneously refluxing a cooled fuel oil fraction forming an American Petroleum Institute Standards Group III Base Stock with less than 0.03% sulfur, with greater than 90% saturates and a viscosity index greater than 120 as defined by ASTM D-2270, a viscosity from 2 to 10 centistokes as defined by ASTM D-445 a boiling range from 600 degrees F. to 1050 degrees F., and a cold crank viscosity (CCS) between 1200 and 5000 centipoise at 25 degrees C. and as defined by ASTM D-5293.

Non-condensable gas is used as an alternate to steam at hydrocarbon processing facilities removing any steam requirements thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and improving profitability through capital and operating cost reductions. The non-condensable gas serves at least two functions sequentially in heavy hydrocarbon processing; firstly, providing the non-condensable gas as a stripping medium to evolve lighter hydrocarbons from the heavy hydrocarbon feedstock followed by secondly directing the same non-condensable gas and any evolved non-condensable gas at operating conditions for use as at least one of heat through combustion or power through electricity generation.

Disclosed herein are methods and systems for the production of hydrogen-containing compounds, such as ammonia and urea from a product stream of a fuel cell unit. The production of ammonia and optionally urea can also include a net power production. Alternatively, the hydrogen stream from the fuel cell unit can be directed to the production of synthetic hydrocarbons liquids.

Method for the production of ammonia, and optionally urea, from a flue gas effluent from an oxy-fired process, wherein the production of ammonia and optionally urea includes a net power production. Also provided is a method to effect cooling in an oxy-fired process with air separation unit exit gases utilizing either closed or open cooling loop cycles.

The present technology provides compositions that include at least about 98 weight percent (wt %) n-paraffins which, among other surprising features, may be suitable for use as a diesel fuel, an aviation fuel, a jet fuel blendstock, a blendstock to reduce the cloud point of a diesel fuel, a fuel for portable heaters, and/or as a charcoal lighter fluid. The composition includes at least about 98 wt % C.sub.7-C.sub.12 n-paraffins, where at least about 10 wt % of composition includes n-decane, at least about 20 wt % of the composition includes n-dodecane, and at least about 75 wt % of the composition includes even carbon number paraffins. The composition also includes less about 0.1 wt % oxygenates and less than about 0.1 wt % aromatics. The composition may be produced by a process that includes hydrotreating a biorenewable feedstock comprising at least one of palm kernel oil, coconut oil, babassu oil, microbial oil, or algal oil.