Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock.

A process of producing a distillate fuel from coal includes: preparing a biomass-derived coal solvent; dissolving the coal in the biomass-derived solvent; and separating undissolved coal and mineral matter to produce a syncrude. In certain embodiments, the process further includes subjecting the syncrude to a hydrotreatment/hydrogenation process to produce a distillate fuel. In certain embodiments, the biomass-derived solvent is a hydrogen-donor solvent. A method to improve direct coal liquefaction includes: using a non-hydrogenated lipid in a direct coal liquefaction process to facilitate coal depolymerization. In certain embodiments, the lipid is a polyunsaturated biobased oil. A method for using a biomass-derived feedstock as a hydrogen donor includes: providing a biomass-derived feedstock; modifying the feedstock to improve its usefulness as a hydrogen donor; and conducting a transfer hydrogenation process using the modified feedstock as a hydrogen donor. In certain embodiments, the transfer hydrogenation process is a direct coal liquefaction process.

A method for processing feedstock is described, characterized in that incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock. In some embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of mixed solid waste, such as municipal solid waste (MSW). In other embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of woody biomass. In some instances, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% and greater suitable for conversion into biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids. The high biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids may be upgraded to biogenic carbon liquid fuels. Alternatively, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover plastic material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% or less.

Systems and methods are provided for using oxycombustion to provide heat within a reverse flow reactor environment. The oxygen for the oxycombustion can be provided by oxygen stored in an oxygen storage component in the reactor. By using an oxygen storage component to provide the oxygen for combustion during the regeneration step, heat can be added to a reverse flow reactor while reducing or minimizing addition of diluents and while avoiding the need for an air separation unit. As a result, a regeneration flue gas can be formed that is substantially composed of CO.sub.2 and/or H.sub.2O without requiring the additional cost of creating a substantially pure oxygen-containing gas flow.

Techniques for converting carbonate material to carbon monoxide include transferring heat and at least one feed stream that includes a carbonate material and at least one of hydrogen, oxygen, water, or a hydrocarbon, into an integrated calcination and syngas production system that includes a syngas generating calciner (SGC) reactor; calcining the carbonate material to produce a carbon dioxide product and a solid oxide product; initiating a syngas production reaction; producing, from the syngas production reaction, at least one syngas product that includes at least one of a carbon monoxide product, a water product or a hydrogen product; and transferring at least one of the solid oxide product or the at least one syngas product out of the SGC reactor.

A method and system for decarbonization of a hydrocarbon conversion process such as steam methane reforming process for hydrogen production utilizing oxygen transport membrane reactors. The system employs catalyst-containing reforming reactors for converting natural gas into synthesis gas which is further treated in high temperature or medium temperature water gas shift reactors and fed to a hydrogen PSA to produce hydrogen product. The system further employs oxygen transport membrane reactors thermally coupled to reforming reactors and configured to oxy-combust about 90% to about 95% of combustibles in PSA tail gas that may be optionally mixed with natural gas. The oxy-combustion product stream leaving the oxygen transport membrane reactors contains about 90% of the carbon provided to the feed of the reforming reactor. The carbon dioxide in the oxy-combustion product stream can be recovered and further purified for utilization or geologic storage or liquefied to form a liquid carbon dioxide product.

There is provided a system for energy storage and CO.sub.2 capture. The system comprises CaO/CaCO.sub.3, a carbonator (1) adapted to react CaO with CO.sub.2 to produce CaCO.sub.3, at least one CaCO.sub.3 storage container (2) for receiving and storing the CaCO.sub.3 produced in the carbonator (1), wherein the CaCO.sub.3 storage container (2) is configured to be transportable such that the CaCO.sub.3 can be supplied to a geographical location (3) remote from the carbonator (1) for CO.sub.2 release.

Sequential and once-through (single pass) process for the co-production of methanol and ammonia and conversion of at least a part of ammonia to urea by reaction of the ammonia with carbon dioxide collected from a primary reformer flue gas together with carbon dioxide separated from reformed gas in a carbon dioxide removal stage.

Provided is a hydrogen supply system that supplies hydrogen. The hydrogen supply system includes: a dehydrogenation reaction unit that subjects a raw material including a hydride to a dehydrogenation reaction to obtain a hydrogen-containing gas; a heating mechanism that heats the dehydrogenation reaction unit by using electric power; and an electric power supply unit that supplies at least one of electric power based on renewable energy and electric power based on thermal power generation equipped with carbon dioxide capture and storage to the heating mechanism.

The present invention provides a process for the manufacture of a useful product from carbonaceous feedstock of fluctuating compositional characteristics, the process comprising the steps of: continuously providing the carbonaceous feedstock of fluctuating compositional characteristics to a gasification zone; gasifying the carbonaceous feedstock in the gasification zone to obtain raw synthesis gas; sequentially removing ammoniacal, sulphurous and carbon dioxide impurities from the raw synthesis gas to form desulphurised gas and recovering carbon dioxide in substantially pure form; converting at least a portion of the desulphurised synthesis gas to a useful product. Despite having selected a more energy intensive sub-process i.e. physical absorption for removal of acid gas impurities, the overall power requirement of the facility is lower on account of lower steam requirements and thereby leading to a decrease in the carbon intensity score for the facility.