A subsoil tool for ameliorating soil compaction having a shank attached to a toolbar of a tractor, wings on forward wing links pivotally engaged to the shank, and following wings on a wing rod pivotally engaged with the forward wing link. The forward wing links are positioned near the bottom of the shank in front of the rear of the shank. The wing rod is positioned behind the shank. A drive box having a hydraulic cylinder is engaged to the toolbar and pivotally engaged with the wing rod. In use, a portion of the subsoil tool may be inserted below a surface of the soil, the height of the subsoil tool may be adjusted, the subsoil tool may be rotated, and the hydraulic cylinder may be cycled to move the forward wings and following wings.

A subsoil tool for ameliorating soil compaction having a shank attached to a toolbar of a tractor, wings on forward wing links pivotally engaged to the shank, and following wings on a wing rod pivotally engaged with the forward wing link. The forward wing links are positioned near the bottom of the shank in front of the rear of the shank. The wing rod is positioned behind the shank. A drive box having a hydraulic cylinder is engaged to the toolbar and pivotally engaged with the wing rod. In use, a portion of the subsoil tool may be inserted below a surface of the soil, the height of the subsoil tool may be adjusted, the subsoil tool may be rotated, and the hydraulic cylinder may be cycled to move the forward wings and following wings.

Structures, catalysts, and reactors suitable for use for a variety of applications, including gas-to-liquid and coal-to-liquid processes and methods of forming the structures, catalysts, and reactors are disclosed. The catalyst material can be deposited onto an inner wall of a microtubular reactor and/or onto porous tungsten support structures using atomic layer deposition techniques.