An olivine-type positive active material for a lithium battery, a lithium battery having the olivine-type positive active material, and a method of manufacturing the olivine-type positive active material are provided. The olivine-type positive active material includes a plurality of particles represented by Li.sub.xM.sub.yM.sub.zXO.sub.4-wB.sub.w. M and M are independently an element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Zr, Nb, Cu, V, Mo, Ti, Zn, Al, Ga, Mg, B, and the combination thereof, X is one element selected from the group consisting of P, As, Bi, Sb, and the combination thereof, B is one element selected from the group consisting of F, S, and the combination thereof, 0<x1, 0<y1, 0<z1, 0<x+y+z2, and 0w0.5. The particle is a secondary particle having a plurality of primary particles, a first carbon coating layer is on the surface of the primary particle and a second carbon coating layer is on the surface of the secondary particle, and carbon is dispersed inside the primary particle.

An olivine-type positive active material for a lithium battery, a lithium battery having the olivine-type positive active material, and a method of manufacturing the olivine-type positive active material are provided. The olivine-type positive active material includes a plurality of particles represented by Li.sub.xM.sub.yM.sub.zXO.sub.4-wB.sub.w. M and M are independently an element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Zr, Nb, Cu, V, Mo, Ti, Zn, Al, Ga, Mg, B, and the combination thereof, X is one element selected from the group consisting of P, As, Bi, Sb, and the combination thereof, B is one element selected from the group consisting of F, S, and the combination thereof, 0<x1, 0<y1, 0<z1, 0<x+y+z2, and 0w0.5. The particle is a secondary particle having a plurality of primary particles, a first carbon coating layer is on the surface of the primary particle and a second carbon coating layer is on the surface of the secondary particle, and carbon is dispersed inside the primary particle.

Methods for analyzing a fluid sample can include providing a sensor comprising a non-conductive housing and having a first face and an electrode array mounted in the first face. The method can include disposing the first face of the housing into a fluid sample to be analyzed, selecting a mode of operation, and initiating sensor operation. Modes of operation can include electrochemical operation and conductivity analysis, and can be selected via positioning a switch. The method can include receiving information from the sensor regarding at least one parameter of the fluid. Such parameters can include a concentration of a target constituent in the fluid sample, combined concentrations of different species within the fluid sample, and/or information indicative of the conductivity of the fluid sample.

A composition comprising a compound of formula (Va) wherein n is 1 or 2 and wherein m is 1 or 2, with n and m preferably both being 1 or both being 2, more preferably both being 1, and/or, preferably and, a compound of formula, wherein n is 1 or 2 and wherein m is 1 or 2, with n and m preferably both being 1 or both being 2, more preferably both being 1, and wherein at least 90 weight-% of the composition consist of compounds of formula (Va) and formula (Vb). ##STR00001##

Life structured water is produced by a proprietary process applied by the Hydrogenesis Machine developed by Clinard Wendell Hinson in 2007. The process directly replicates the natural hydrological cycle and includes a replica of the vadose zone, a riverine environment and the trapped atmosphere above an active watercourse replete with the subtle energies of nature which impact the structure and remediate the contamination of tap water using the living energies of nature to remove the chemicals and pathogens rendering pure water hexamers comprised of nothing but hydrogen and oxygen which is uniquely capable of being inducted into the cells which reject low density aqueous solutions of water and so much as a single ion of an chemical and thereby achieves homeodilution, the restoration of vital cellular water.

The apparatus used to make life structured water is the only one of its kind in existence.

INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Parameter MCL (mg/L) MDL (mg/L) Result (mg/L)
Color (units in PCU) 15.00<1
Conductivity (units in mho) 114.4
Nitrates 10.00 0.3 nd
Total Dissolved Solids 84.5
Turbidity (units in NTU)<1
pH 7.19

Life structured water is produced by a proprietary process applied by the Hydrogenesis Machine developed by Clinard Wendell Hinson in 2007. The process directly replicates the natural hydrological cycle and includes a replica of the vadose zone, a riverine environment and the trapped atmosphere above an active watercourse replete with the subtle energies of nature which impact the structure and remediate the contamination of tap water using the living energies of nature to remove the chemicals and pathogens rendering pure water hexamers comprised of nothing but hydrogen and oxygen which is uniquely capable of being inducted into the cells which reject low density aqueous solutions of water and so much as a single ion of an chemical and thereby achieves homeodilution, the restoration of vital cellular water.

The apparatus used to make life structured water is the only one of its kind in existence.

INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Parameter MCL (mg/L) MDL (mg/L) Result (mg/L)
Color (units in PCU) 15.00<1
Conductivity (units in mho) 114.4
Nitrates 10.00 0.3 nd
Total Dissolved Solids 84.5
Turbidity (units in NTU)<1
pH 7.19

In one embodiment, a flow assembly for cells comprises a first flow path configured to receive a plurality of cells, a second flow path configured to receive a buffer, and a third flow path configured to receive the plurality of cells and the buffer. The plurality of cells are in a single-file orientation and the buffer generally surrounds the single-file orientation of the plurality of cells when in the third flow path.

Methods for analyzing a fluid sample can include providing a sensor comprising a non-conductive housing and having a first face and an electrode array mounted in the first face. The method can include disposing the first face of the housing into a fluid sample to be analyzed, selecting a mode of operation, and initiating sensor operation. Modes of operation can include electrochemical operation and conductivity analysis, and can be selected via positioning a switch. The method can include receiving information from the sensor regarding at least one parameter of the fluid. Such parameters can include a concentration of a target constituent in the fluid sample, combined concentrations of different species within the fluid sample, and/or information indicative of the conductivity of the fluid sample.

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ increased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes therein.

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ increased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes therein.