Disclosed is a method of preparing inorganic particles using a hydrothermal synthesis device, including introducing a precursor liquid or slurry stream including a reaction precursor for preparation of an inorganic material into a hydrothermal synthesis reactor, introducing a supercritical liquid stream including water into the hydrothermal synthesis reactor, preparing an inorganic slurry by hydrothermal reaction in the hydrothermal synthesis reactor and discharging the inorganic slurry therefrom, and filtering the discharged inorganic slurry, wherein the precursor liquid or slurry stream includes an NH.sub.3 source at a high temperature of the supercritical liquid stream and thus clogging of the stream in the hydrothermal synthesis reactor is inhibited by pH changes in the hydrothermal reaction.

An exemplary embodiment provides a method for extracting hydroxyapatite. The method includes washing fish scales with water, drying the washed fish scales, grinding the washed fish scales, mixing the ground fish scales with an ionic liquid, and centrifuging the mixture of the ground fish scales and the ionic liquid to collect a hydroxyapatite powder as a precipitate.

A reagent system for treating heavy metal-contaminated materials is provided and includes an oxidizer, a soluble phosphate, and an alkaline hydroxide source, such as a caustic soda or lime. A method of treating mine waste bearing one or more heavy metals is also provided and includes the step of admixing a reagent system with heavy metal-containing material to preferentially reduce the leachability of heavy metals and form precipitates and complexes of low metal solubility that remain stable within the host solid matrix for long durations in acidic and abrasive conditions.

Methods for forming black phosphorus alloys and exfoliating black phosphorus alloys. A method for forming black phosphorus alloys includes providing phosphorus inside a vessel and providing an element inside the vessel. Media is provided inside the vessel and the phosphorus, the element, and the media are sealed under a gas within the vessel. The phosphorus and the element are mechanically milled with the media to produce black phosphorus that is covalently bonded with the element. A method for exfoliating a black phosphorus alloy includes mixing a milled black phosphorus alloy with a solvent and mixing a milled black phosphorus alloy with a solvent. The milled black phosphorus alloy and solvent mixture are then extracted from the milling apparatus, which may be a planetary ball mill, a vibratory mill, a tumbler ball mill, a mixer mill, a rod mill, an attrition mill, or a shaker mill.

A composition of matter having the following chemical structure:

[00001]$\left[\frac{H_x{O}_{\left(x-1\right)}}{2}\right]Z_y$ wherein x is and odd integer ≥3; y is an integer between 1 and 20; and Z is one of a monoatomic ion from Groups 14 through 17 having a charge value between −1 and −3 or a polyatomic ion having a charge between −1 and −3.

A composition of matter having the following chemical structure:

[00001]$\left[\frac{H_x{O}_{\left(x-1\right)}}{2}\right]Z_y$ wherein x is and odd integer ≥3; y is an integer between 1 and 20; and Z is one of a monoatomic ion from Groups 14 through 17 having a charge value between −1 and −3 or a polyatomic ion having a charge between −1 and −3.

A method for phosphorus removal and recovery using an organic carbon source of urban sewage, including: first filling a biofilm reactor with sewage; stirring under anaerobic conditions, phosphorus being released from a polyphosphate biofilm using an organic carbon source in the sewage; discharging a portion of the sewage after the aforementioned treatment into a recovery tank and storing same as a recovery liquid; performing aerobic aeration on the remaining part of the sewage after anaerobic treatment, such that phosphorus is absorbed by the polyphosphate biofilm until the concentration of phosphorus reaches a requirement for discharge; turning off the aeration device and discharging the sewage; returning the recovery liquid to the biofilm reactor, simultaneously adding sewage to fill the reactor, and repeating the aforementioned steps multiple times; and obtaining a phosphorus recovery liquid when the concentration of phosphorus in the recovery liquid reaches the requirements for a phosphorus recovery process.

Here are described methods for the delithiation of carbon-free olivines, for instance, by the addition of an external carbon source in the presence of an oxidizing agent, e.g. a persulfate.

Provided are a conductive structure and a method of controlling a work function of metal. The conductive structure includes a conductive material layer including metal and a work function control layer for controlling a work function of the conductive structure by being bonded to the conductive material layer. The work function control layer includes a two-dimensional material with a defect.

A reagent system for treating heavy metal-contaminated materials is provided and includes an oxidizer, a soluble phosphate, and an alkaline hydroxide source, such as a caustic soda or lime. A method of treating mine waste bearing one or more heavy metals is also provided and includes the step of admixing a reagent system with heavy metal-containing material to preferentially reduce the leachability of heavy metals and form precipitates and complexes of low metal solubility that remain stable within the host solid matrix for long durations in acidic and abrasive conditions.