A porous carbon material composite formed of a porous carbon material and a functional material and equipped with high functionality. The porous carbon material composite is formed of (A) a porous carbon material obtainable from a plant-derived material having a silicon (Si) content of 5 wt % or higher as a raw material; and (B) a functional material adhered on the porous carbon material, and has a specific surface area of 10 m.sup.2/g or greater as determined by the nitrogen BET method and a pore volume of 0.1 cm.sup.3/g or greater as determined by the BJH method and MP method.

A porous carbon material composite formed of a porous carbon material and a functional material and equipped with high functionality. The porous carbon material composite is formed of (A) a porous carbon material obtainable from a plant-derived material having a silicon (Si) content of 5 wt % or higher as a raw material; and (B) a functional material adhered on the porous carbon material, and has a specific surface area of 10 m.sup.2/g or greater as determined by the nitrogen BET method and a pore volume of 0.1 cm.sup.3/g or greater as determined by the BJH method and MP method.

A carbon-polymer complex is provided and includes a porous carbon material and a binder, wherein the porous carbon material includes a material obtained from carbonization of a raw material including rice husk, the raw material having a silicon content of at least 5 wt %, the raw material is heat treated before carbonization, and the raw material is treated by an alkali treatment after carbonization to reduce the silicon content, the porous carbon material having a specific surface area of at least 10 m.sup.2/g as measured by the nitrogen BET method, a pore volume of at least 0.1 cm.sup.3/g as measured by the BJH method and MP method, and an R value of 1.5 or greater, wherein the porous carbon material includes mesopores having pore sizes from 2 nm to 50 nm and obtained from the alkali treatment of the raw material after carbonization, the porous carbon material further includes macropores and micropores.

A carbon-polymer complex is provided and includes a porous carbon material and a binder, wherein the porous carbon material includes a material obtained from carbonization of a raw material including rice husk, the raw material having a silicon content of at least 5 wt %, the raw material is heat treated before carbonization, and the raw material is treated by an alkali treatment after carbonization to reduce the silicon content, the porous carbon material having a specific surface area of at least 10 m.sup.2/g as measured by the nitrogen BET method, a pore volume of at least 0.1 cm.sup.3/g as measured by the BJH method and MP method, and an R value of 1.5 or greater, wherein the porous carbon material includes mesopores having pore sizes from 2 nm to 50 nm and obtained from the alkali treatment of the raw material after carbonization, the porous carbon material further includes macropores and micropores.

The present disclosure relates to an anode active material for a lithium secondary battery, a method of manufacturing the anode active material, and a lithium secondary battery including the anode active material. The anode active material includes natural graphite particles configured such that flaky natural graphite fragment particles having uneven (□□) surface defects are structured in a cabbage shape or at random and granulated, the surface and the inside of the natural graphite particles including a gap formed between the flaky natural graphite fragment particles, and a coating layer including amorphous or semicrystalline carbon formed on the surface of the flaky natural graphite fragment particles that form the gap and the surface of the natural graphite particles.

An air-metal secondary battery has an electrode including a porous carbon material, wherein the porous carbon material has a specific surface area of 280 m.sup.2/g or more, preferably 700 m.sup.2/g or more, more preferably 1,500 m.sup.2/g or more, as determined by a nitrogen BET method, and the air-metal secondary battery has an average charging voltage of 4.4 V or less, preferably 4.3 V or less, more preferably 4.1 V or less.

A positive electrode material of the present disclosure includes: a material represented by the following composition formula (1); and a carbon material capable of occluding at least one selected from the group consisting of a simple substance of halogen and a halide, Li.sub.aM.sub.bX.sub.c . . . Formula (1) where a, b, and c are each a value greater than 0, M includes at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements other than Li and metalloid elements, and X includes a halogen element.

A method for producing a body obtained by processing a solid carbon-containing material, the method includes: preparing the solid carbon-containing material composed of a material having at least a surface containing solid carbon; forming a gas phase fluid containing at least one of an active gas or an active plasma which are active against the solid carbon; and processing the solid carbon-containing material by injecting the gas phase fluid onto at least a part of the surface of the solid carbon-containing material.

A negative electrode active material including natural graphite. The negative electrode active material has a ratio of D.sub.90 to D.sub.10, which is D.sub.90/D.sub.10, of 2.0 to 2.2, a tap density of 1.11 g/cm.sup.3 to 1.19 g/cm.sup.3, and a BET specific surface area of 2.02 m.sup.2/g to 2.30 m.sup.2/g.

Provided is a negative electrode active material that is applied in an aqueous secondary battery in which is used an aqueous electrolyte containing water and a lithium salt. The negative electrode active material contains hardly-graphitizable carbon, and the hardly-graphitizable carbon has a C—F bond group on the surface thereof. In an XPS spectrum obtained through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, when the peak intensity near 688 eV originating from C—F bonds of the hardly-graphitizable carbon is denoted by I688eV, the peak intensity near 284 eV originating from C—C bonds is denoted by I284eV, a ratio of the peak intensity I688eV to the peak intensity I284eV (value of I688eV/I284eV) is denoted by X, and the BET specific surface area (m2/g) is denoted by Y, the X and Y satisfy Y<(−0.3X+3.75), 0.1≤X≤5, and Y≥2.