A system and a method for determining/predicting a tapping time for a metal melt in an electric arc furnace (EAF), at least one electrode is provided for melting the metal melt until it reach a target tapping temperature, the EAF further includes a slag and smoke layer on the surface of the metal melt, wherein an electromagnetic stirrer is provided for stirring the metal melt.

Sensors measure magnetic field components, and the measured fields are used to calculate and estimated transverse position of a longitudinal electric current flowing as an electric discharge across a discharge gap. Based on the estimated position, and according to a selected transverse trajectory or distribution of the estimated discharge position, magnetic fields are applied transversely across the discharge gap so as to control or alter the estimated discharge position. Inventive apparatus and methods can be employed, inter alia, during operation of a vacuum arc furnace.

A method of starting a molten bath-based process for smelting a metalliferous material is disclosed. The method includes using the heat flux of water-cooled elements in lower parts of a smelting vessel to provide an indication of molten bath temperature during at least an early part of the start-up method and adjusting injection rates of oxygen-containing gas and/or carbonaceous material into the smelting vessel to control the molten bath temperature during start-up without exceeding critical heat flux levels and tripping the start-up method.

Multiple magnetic field sensors are arranged around a current-containing volume at multiple longitudinal and circumferential positions. Each sensor measures multiple magnetic field components and is characterized by one or more calibration parameters. A longitudinal primary current flows through two end-to-end electrical conductors that are separated by an arc gap, and flows as at least one longitudinal primary electric arc that spans the arc gap and that moves transversely within the arc gap. Estimated transverse position of the primary electric arc is calculated, based on the longitudinal position of the arc gap, and two or more of the measured magnetic field components along with one or more corresponding sensor positions or calibration parameters. In addition, estimated occurrence, position, and magnitude of a transverse secondary current (i.e., a side arc) can be calculated based on those quantities.

A device for measuring a temperature of a molten metal bath, comprising: an optical cored wire; a tube, wherein the optical cored wire is at least partly arranged in the tube, wherein the tube has an outer diameter in the range of 4 mm to 8 mm, and a wall-thickness in the range of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm; and a plurality of separating elements comprising more than two separating elements arranged in the tube spaced apart from each other, and forming at least one compartment between two of the more than two separating elements.

The invention also relates to a system and method for measuring a temperature of a molten metal bath.

A monitoring method of a steelmaking process in a steelmaking vessel, wherein matters Mn, each having its respective properties PMn, are charged into said steelmaking vessel so as to produce a liquid steel and a slag.

An ultrasound sonotrode (101), the first end of which is adapted to be connected to a mechanical vibrations source, equipped with a working tip (105,205,405,805) at the opposite end of the sonotrode (101), equipped with a body (104) with a cooling jacket (103), sealed at the place of contact with the body (104) of the sonotrode (101) with the use of the first seal (106) and the second seal (107), characterized in that according to the invention the first seal (106) is placed at a distance less than or equal to 20 mm from the node of the standing wave excited in the sonotrode in the working conditions, and the second seal (107,207,407,507,607) is equipped with a resilient element (108,208,408,508,608) and is located at a distance less than or equal to 20 mm from the working tip (105,205 405,805). A method for metal alloying, in which the material is melted on the working tip (105, 205, 405, 805) of the sonotrode excited to mechanical vibrations, according to the invention characterized in that a sonotrode according to the invention is used.

Sensors measure magnetic field components, and the measured fields are used to calculate and estimated transverse position of a longitudinal electric current flowing as an electric discharge across a discharge gap. Based on the estimated position, and according to a selected transverse trajectory or distribution of the estimated discharge position, magnetic fields are applied transversely across the discharge gap so as to control or alter the estimated discharge position. Inventive apparatus and methods can be employed, inter alia, during operation of a vacuum arc furnace.

An ultrasound system for processing of liquid metal and their alloys, comprising at least one ultrasound transducer (301, 401, 501, 601, 701, 701a, 801a, 801b, 801c, 801d, 801e, 901, 1001) and at least one composite waveguide (302, 402, 502, 602, 702, 802, 902, 1002a-c) made of a composite material comprising a reinforcement and a matrix. The ultrasound transducer (301, 401, 501, 601, 701, 701a, 801a, 801b, 801c, 801d, 801e, 901, 1001) is coupled with the composite waveguide (302, 402, 502, 602, 702, 802, 902, 1002a-c)so that during operation it excites a standing wave of mechanical vibrations in the composite waveguide (302, 402, 502, 602, 702, 802, 902, 1002a-c). According to the invention, the matrix comprises a metallic and/or ceramic material whereas the reinforcement comprises fibers of metallic and/or ceramic material. Mechanical vibrations are transverse to the fibers of the reinforcement material. A method of processing of materials, in which material is melted and the melted material is subjected to the operating of a vibrating waveguide in the ultrasound system, characterized in that the ultrasound system according to the invention is used.

Methods and systems for determining a feed rate (unit mass/unit time) of metallic scrap material in real time being charged to an electric arc furnace (EAF) is provided, in which the methods and systems determine the speed of the metallic scrap material in real time and the volume of the metallic scrap material in real time. The methods and systems also classify the metallic scrap material via a machine learning model based on digital images of the metallic scrap material and assign a density to the metallic scrap material. The feed rate is determined based on the speed and volume of the metallic scrap material and the assigned density.