This steel sheet for containers includes a steel sheet, a Sn coated layer that is formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet, and a chemical treatment layer that is formed on the Sn coated layer. The Sn coated layer contains 300 mg/m.sup.2 to 5,600 mg/m.sup.2 of Sn in terms of an amount of metal Sn, and the chemical treatment layer contains 5 mg/m.sup.2 to 30 mg/m.sup.2 of a Zr compound in terms of an amount of metal Zr, an average roughness Ra of an outermost surface of the chemical treatment layer obtained with a scanning probe microscope is 10 nm to 100 nm. A variation amount in a yellowness index measured at one measurement point on the outermost surface of the chemical treatment layer is defined as YI represented by Equation (1), an average of absolute values of the YI obtained at a plurality of the measurement points included in a unit area of the outermost surface is 5.0 or less.

YI=YIYI.sub.0(1) where YI: the yellowness index measured after the steel sheet for containers is subjected to a retort treatment at a temperature of 130 C. for 5 hours, YI.sub.0: the yellowness index measured before the retort treatment

Methods are provided for producing alloy forms from alloys containing one or more extremely reactive elements and for fabricating a component therefrom. The fabricating method comprises substantially removing a reactive gas from the fabrication environment. An alloy form of the alloy is formed. The alloy form is formed by melting the alloy or by melting one or more base elements of the alloy to produce a molten liquid and introducing the one or more extremely reactive elements into the molten liquid. The molten alloy is shaped into the alloy form. The component is formed from the alloy form. If the one or more extremely reactive elements are introduced into the molten liquid, such introduction occurs just prior to the shaping step.

A process for the production of a PGM-enriched alloy comprising 0 to 60 wt.-% of iron and 20 to 99 wt.-% of one or more PGMs selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium and rhodium, the process comprising the steps of (1) providing a PGM collector alloy comprising 30 to 95 wt.-% of iron, less than 1 wt.-% of sulfur and 2 to 15 wt.-% of one or more PGMs selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium and rhodium, (2) providing a copper- and sulfur-free material capable of forming a slag-like composition when molten, wherein the molten slag-like composition comprises 40 to 90 wt.-% of magnesium oxide and/or calcium oxide and 10 to 60 wt.-% of silicon dioxide, (3) melting the PGM collector alloy and the material capable of forming a slag-like composition when molten in a weight ratio of 1:0.2 to 1 within a converter until a multi- or two-phase system of a lower high-density molten mass comprising the molten PGM collector alloy and one or more upper low-density molten masses comprising the molten slag-like composition has formed, (4) contacting an oxidizing gas comprising 0 to 80 vol.-% of inert gas and 20 to 100 vol.-% of oxygen with the lower high-density molten mass obtained in step (3) until it has been converted into a lower high-density molten mass of the PGM-enriched alloy, (5) separating an upper low-density molten slag formed in the course of step (4) from the lower high-density molten mass of the PGM-enriched alloy making use of the difference in density, (6) letting the molten masses separated from one another cool down and solidify, and (7) collecting the solidified PGM-enriched alloy.

A gas-coolable gas lance comprising an inner tube for a supply of a gas A, wherein the inner tube is surrounded by an outer tube, wherein the inner and the outer tube form a hollow space between themselves, wherein the inner tube has a bottom opening and a top opening, wherein the bottom opening comprises or is an exhaust for the gas A, wherein the hollow space is closed at its bottom and has a top opening, wherein the hollow space comprises an arrangement of tubes for a supply of a gas B to the bottom region of the hollow space, wherein the outer tube, the hollow space's bottom and the exhaust for the gas A are made of stainless steel. The gas lance can be used in a pyrometallurgical process for the production of a PGM-enriched alloy.

A gas lance which can be used in a process of any one of the preceding claims, said gas lance comprising or consisting of a rod having inner channels along its length axis, wherein the rod is made of a non-oxidizable ceramic material having a melting point above 1800 C. The gas lance can be used in a pyrometallurgical process for the production of a PGM-enriched alloy.

A gas-coolable gas lance comprising an inner tube for a supply of a gas A, wherein the inner tube is surrounded by an outer tube, wherein the inner and the outer tube form a hollow space between themselves, wherein the inner tube has a bottom opening and a top opening, wherein the bottom opening comprises or is an exhaust for the gas A, wherein the hollow space is open at its bottom and has at least one inlet for a gas B, wherein the outer tube and the oxidizing gas exhaust are made of stainless steel. The gas lance can be used in a pyrometallurgical process for the production of a PGM-enriched alloy.

The present invention relates to a precipitation hardened high Ni heat-resistant alloy having a component composition including, in terms of mass %: Cr: 14 to 25%; Mo: 15% or less; Co: 15% or less; Cu: 5% or less; Al: 4% or less; Ti: 4% or less; Nb: 6% or less; provided that Al+Ti+Nb is 1.0% or more; and inevitable impurities including at least C and N, with the balance being Ni, in which C is contained in an amount of 0.01% or less, and N fixed as carbonitride is contained in such an amount that Michelin point determined from inclusions extracted by an evaluation method according to ASTM-E45 is 100 or less.

A low coefficient of thermal expansion high strength alloy and methods of formation thereof, the alloy including: chromium 7 wt. % to 10 wt. %; molybdenum 20 wt. % to 25 wt. %; tungsten 4 wt. % to 7 wt. %; aluminum 0.5 wt. % to 2 wt. %; titanium 0.5 wt. % to 2 wt. %; boron 0.005 wt. % to 0.05 wt. %; niobium 3.9 wt. % tantalum 3.9 wt. % vanadium 0.1 wt. % to 4 wt. %; niobium, tantalum, and vanadium, in combination 0.1 wt. % to 4 wt. %; silicon <0.5 wt. %; zirconium <0.5 wt. %; hafnium <0.5 wt. %; yttrium <0.5 wt. %; copper <0.1 wt. %; manganese <0.1 wt. %; phosphorus <0.1 wt. %; sulfur <0.1 wt. %; iron <5 wt. %; cobalt 15 wt. %; balance nickel, cobalt and nickel, in combination 50 wt. % to 70 wt. %, and aluminum and titanium, in combination 1.4 wt. %.

Ni-based Cr- and P-bearing alloys that can from centimeter-thick amorphous articles are provided. Within the family of alloys, millimeter-thick bulk-glassy articles can undergo macroscopic plastic bending under load without fracturing catastrophically.

The novel nickel-base superalloy useful in an additive manufacturing process or a powder-based manufacturing process includes the following composition in wt %: Cr 8.0-8.5; Co 9.0-9.5; Mo 0.4-0.6; W 9.3-9.7; Ta 2.9-3.6; Al 4.9-5.6; Ti 0.2-1.0; Hf 0-0.05; C 0.005-0.03; B 0.005-0.02; Zr 0.005-0.1; Nb 0.2-1; Mn 0-0.6; and S 0-0.002 (20 ppm); the balance nickel and incidental elements and unavoidable impurities.