Provided is a method for manufacturing material powder for metal laminating modelling, in which a virgin material is manufactured based on the particle size distribution of the virgin material being an unused material powder, and the fluidity of an unsintered reused material after the virgin material is reused a predetermined number of times by a metal laminating modelling device, so that the particle size distribution of the virgin material corresponds to the fluidity of the reused material that is equal to or greater than a predetermined standard value. Silica particles may be added to the virgin material.

A front-side conductive paste for a crystalline silicon solar cell chip is provided. The front-side conductive paste for a crystalline silicon solar cell chip includes, in parts by weight, 80.0-93.0 parts of a metal powder, 6.0-15.0 parts of an organic carrier, and 1.0-5.0 parts of an oxide etching agent. The oxide etching agent contains at least 10-40% of MgO, 0.1-5% of PbO, and 5-30% of Li.sub.2O based on 100% by mole, with the molar ratio of MgO:PbO being 10:540:0.1, and the mole ratio of MgO:Li.sub.2O being 10:3040:5. The metal powder forms good ohmic contact with crystalline silicon substrate during the sintering process of the front-side conductive paste applied overlying an insulation film on the substrate. Finally, a front-side electrode of low contact resistance, good electrical conductivity, and strong adhesion is obtained.

Provided is a plating film containing Au and Tl, including Tl oxides including Tl.sub.2O on a surface of the plating film, a ratio of Tl atoms constituting Tl.sub.2O to a total of Tl atoms constituting the Tl oxides and Tl atoms constituting Tl simple substances on the surface being 40% or more.

A front-side conductive paste for a crystalline silicon solar cell is provided. The front-side conductive paste for a crystalline silicon solar cell includes, in parts by weight, 80.0-93.0 parts of a metal powder, 6.0-15.0 parts of an organic carrier, and 1.0-5.0 parts of an oxide etching agent, where based on 100% by mole of the oxide etching agent, the oxide etching agent includes 15-30% of PbO; 25-40% of TeO.sub.2; 8.0-15.0% of Li.sub.2O; 9.0-20.0% of SiO.sub.2; 5.0-15.0% of Bi.sub.2O.sub.3; 0.5-10.0% of ZnO; and either one or both of 0.1-10.0% of MgO and 0.1-10.0% of CaO; and no more than 5.0% of an oxide of additional metal elements. The metal powder forms good ohmic contact with crystalline silicon substrate during the sintering process of the front-side conductive paste applied overlying an insulation film on the substrate. Finally, a front-side electrode of low contact resistance, good electrical conductivity, and strong adhesion is obtained.

A front-side conductive paste for a crystalline silicon solar cell is provided. The front-side conductive paste for a crystalline silicon solar cell includes, in parts by weight, 80.0-93.0 parts of a metal powder, 6.0-15.0 parts of an organic carrier, and 1.0-5.0 parts of an oxide etching agent, where based on 100% by mole of the oxide etching agent, the oxide etching agent includes 15-30% of PbO; 25-40% of TeO.sub.2; 8.0-15.0% of Li.sub.2O; 9.0-20.0% of SiO.sub.2; 5.0-15.0% of Bi.sub.2O.sub.3; 0.5-10.0% of ZnO; and either one or both of 0.1-10.0% of MgO and 0.1-10.0% of CaO; and no more than 5.0% of an oxide of additional metal elements. The metal powder forms good ohmic contact with crystalline silicon substrate during the sintering process of the front-side conductive paste applied overlying an insulation film on the substrate. Finally, a front-side electrode of low contact resistance, good electrical conductivity, and strong adhesion is obtained.

A metal matrix composite comprises and/or consists of a uniform distribution of calcined ceramic particles having an average particle size of between 0.30 and 0.900 microns and a metal or alloy uniformly distributed with the ceramic particles and wherein the ceramic particles include oxides of two separate metals selected from the group consisting of Al, Li, Be, Pb, Fe, Ag, Au, Sn, Mg, Ti, Cu, and Zn, and in which said ceramic particles comprise at least 15 volume percent of the metal matrix sintered together and wherein said metal-matrix being machinable with a high speed steel (HSS) bit for greater than about one minute without excessive wear to the bit.

Formulations of reactive materials, such as aluminum, magnesium and alloys thereof, with combustible additives such as wood derivatives or charcoal, provide a composition for neutralizing energetic materials via combustion. Specifically, explosive substances such as ammonium nitrate and urea nitrate, which are commonly used as homemade explosives, are rapidly incinerated in a non-propagating manner by the contact with burning reactive material formulations.

Formulations of reactive materials, such as aluminum, magnesium and alloys thereof, with combustible additives such as wood derivatives or charcoal, provide a composition for neutralizing energetic materials via combustion. Specifically, explosive substances such as ammonium nitrate and urea nitrate, which are commonly used as homemade explosives, are rapidly incinerated in a non-propagating manner by the contact with burning reactive material formulations.

A method of manufacturing an article comprises depositing a metallic powder on a substrate or a worktable; fusing the metallic powder according to a preset pattern; and adjusting a composition of the metallic powder or a condition to fuse the metallic powder or a combination thereof to additively form an article such that the article has a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion has one or more of the following properties different than those of the second portion: corrosion rate; tensile strength; compressive strength; modulus; or hardness.

A method of manufacturing an article comprises depositing a metallic powder on a substrate or a worktable; fusing the metallic powder according to a preset pattern; and adjusting a composition of the metallic powder or a condition to fuse the metallic powder or a combination thereof to additively form an article such that the article has a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion has one or more of the following properties different than those of the second portion: corrosion rate; tensile strength; compressive strength; modulus; or hardness.