The austenitic heat resistant steel of the embodiment contains: 24 to 50% by mass of Ni, 5 to 13% by mass of Cr, 0.1 to 12% by mass of Co, 0.1 to 5% by mass of Nb, 0.1 to 0.5% by mass of V, 1.90 to 2.35% by mass of Ti, 0.01 to 0.30% by mass of Al, 0.001 to 0.01% by mass of B, 0.001 to 0.1% by mass of C, and the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities.

In a hot-rolled steel sheet, an average pole density of an orientation group of {100}<011> to {223}<110>, which is represented by an arithmetic average of pole density of each orientation of {100}<011>, {116}<110>, {114}<110>, {112}<110>, and {223}<110> in a center portion of a sheet thickness which is a range of the sheet thickness of ⅝ to ⅜ from a surface of the steel sheet, is 1.0 or more and 4.0 or less, the pole density of a crystal orientation of {332}<113> is 1.0 or more and 4.8 or less, an average grain size in a center in the sheet thickness is 10 μm or less, and a microstructure includes, by a structural fraction, pearlite more than 6% and ferrite in the balance.

This glass bonding material (21) is made of a cladding material (1) in which at least a first layer (11) made of an Al-based alloy and configured to be bonded to glass and a second layer (12) made of an Fe—Ni based alloy having a thermal expansion coefficient from 30° C. to 400° C. of 11.5×10.sup.−6 (K.sup.−1) or less are bonded.

Provided is a low thermal expansion alloy that contains, in mass %, not more than 0.015% of C, not more than 0.10% of Si, not more than 0.15% of Mn, 35.0-37.0% of Ni, and less than 2.0% of Co. Ni+0.8Co is 35.0-37.0%, and the remaining portion is Fe and unavoidable impurities. The low thermal expansion alloy has a solidification structure in which the secondary dendrite-arm spacing is 5 μm or less, has an average thermal expansion coefficient in a range of 0±0.2 ppm/° C. at 100° C. to −70° C., and has an Ms point of −196° C. or less.

Provided is a material for a cold-rolled stainless steel sheet having a chemical composition containing, by mass %, C: 0.01% to 0.05%, Si: 0.02% to 0.75%, Mn: 0.1% to 1.0%, P: 0.04% or less, S: 0.01% or less, Cr: 16.0% to 18.0%, Al: 0.001% to 0.10%, N: 0.01% to 0.06% and the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities. The material has a metallographic structure including a martensite phase having an area ratio of 5% to 50% and the balance being a ferrite phase. A ferrite phase in portions extending from surface layers of front and back surfaces of a steel sheet has an average grain diameter of 20 μm or more and 50 μm or less, and a ferrite phase in a central portion of the sheet includes an unrecrystallized ferrite phase.

A nanocrystalline bainitic steel consisting of, by weight percentage: 0.3% to 0.6% carbon; 9.0% to 20.0% nickel; up to 10% cobalt; 1.0% to 4.5% aluminium; up to 0.5% molybdenum; up to 0.5% manganese; up to 0.5% tungsten; up to 3.0% chromium; and the balance being iron and impurities.

This invention provides methods for fabricating a hard or soft magnet with tailorable magnetic and crystallographic orientations. Methods are disclosed to individually tailor three-dimensional voxels for selected crystallographic orientations and, independently, selected magnetic orientations with location specificity throughout a magnet. Some variations provide a method of making a magnet, comprising: providing a feedstock composition containing magnetic or magnetically susceptible materials; exposing the feedstock composition to an energy source for melting, thereby generating a first melt layer; solidifying the first melt layer in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field, thereby generating a magnetic metal layer containing a plurality of individual voxels; optionally repeating to generate a plurality of solid layers; and recovering a magnet comprising the magnetic metal layer(s), wherein the externally applied magnetic field has a magnetic-field orientation that is selected to control a magnetic axis and a crystallographic texture within the magnetic metal layer(s).

A non-oriented electrical steel sheet has excellent magnetic properties and a chemical composition including C: not more than 0.01 mass %, Si: not more than 6 mass %, Mn: 0.05-3 mass %, P: not more than 0.2 mass %, Al: not more than 2 mass % but preferably not more than 0.005 mass %, N: not more than 0.005 mass %, S: not more than 0.01 mass %, Ga: not more than 0.0005 mass % even if hot band annealing is omitted.

Contact pins for glass seals is provided having an iron alloy and a method for their production. The contact pins are provided with a nickel layer and coated with rhodium and/or platinum or with palladium. The contact pins may be additionally provided with a layer of gold. The contact pins are first cleaned by degreasing and activating, preferably by activating through acid etching. Thereafter, the application of a nickel layer is performed under a protective gas atmosphere, followed by formatting at 850 to 1050° C. The protective gas atmosphere is preferably made up of 10 to 100% hydrogen, with the balance formed of nitrogen. This is followed by a coating with palladium or with rhodium and platinum, or with platinum, or with rhodium and gold.

A production method of a maraging steel includes: the step of producing, by vacuum melting, a remelt electrode which comprises from 0.2 to 3.0% by mass of Ti and from 0.0025 to 0.0050% by mass of N; and the step of remelting the remelt electrode to produce a steel ingot having an average diameter of 650 mm or more; wherein the resulting maraging steel includes from 0.2 to 3.0% by mass of Ti.