The present invention relates to a method for preparing a dual-layer magnesium alloy with fluoride and biopolymer coatings, wherein the dual-layer MgF.sub.2/PCL coating exhibits improved corrosion resistance as compared to fluoride-coated samples or uncoated Mg samples, and has excellent cell viability, cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Accordingly, the magnesium alloy provided with the dual MgF.sub.2/PCL coating layer controls corrosion degradation of conventional orthopedic Mg alloys and exhibits excellent biocompatibility, thus being useful as an implant for fixing bones.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a dual-layer magnesium alloy with fluoride and biopolymer coatings, wherein the dual-layer MgF.sub.2/PCL coating exhibits improved corrosion resistance as compared to fluoride-coated samples or uncoated Mg samples, and has excellent cell viability, cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Accordingly, the magnesium alloy provided with the dual MgF.sub.2/PCL coating layer controls corrosion degradation of conventional orthopedic Mg alloys and exhibits excellent biocompatibility, thus being useful as an implant for fixing bones.

A method of forming metal oxide nanostructures on a metallic material includes applying a hot water process to the metallic material, which includes treating the metallic material with hot water under a treatment condition for a period of time so as to form metal oxide nanostructures on a surface of the metallic material, where the treated metallic material with metal oxide nanostructures under the hot water process has a high surface area that is higher than its pristine surface area of the metallic material. Also, a method of depositing metal oxide nanostructures on a target material includes applying a hot water process to a source metallic material and the target material, which includes treating the source metallic material and the target material with hot water under a treatment condition for a period of time so as to form metal oxide nanostructures on a surface of the target material.

There is provided a roughened copper foil which can significantly improve adhesion to an insulating resin and reliability (e.g., hygroscopic heat resistance). The roughened copper foil of the present invention has at least one roughened surface having fine irregularities composed of acicular crystals, wherein the entire surface of the acicular crystals is composed of a mixed phase of Cu metal and Cu.sub.2O.

There is provided a roughened copper foil which can significantly improve adhesion to an insulating resin and reliability (e.g., hygroscopic heat resistance). The roughened copper foil of the present invention has at least one roughened surface having fine irregularities composed of acicular crystals, wherein the entire surface of the acicular crystals is composed of a mixed phase of Cu metal and Cu.sub.2O.

A composite structure for an electric energy storage device is envisioned. The structure is made of a metal substrate and a metal oxide layer disposed over a majority of the metal substrate with the metal oxide layer being comprised of a first and second metals. Carbon nanotubes are disposed on the metal oxide layer. In an embodiment the first metal and the second metal are each selected from a group consisting of: iron, nickel, aluminum, cobalt, copper, chromium, and gold.

A composite structure for an electric energy storage device is envisioned. The structure is made of a metal substrate and a metal oxide layer disposed over a majority of the metal substrate with the metal oxide layer being comprised of a first and second metals. Carbon nanotubes are disposed on the metal oxide layer. In an embodiment the first metal and the second metal are each selected from a group consisting of: iron, nickel, aluminum, cobalt, copper, chromium, and gold.

Aspects treat and remove a layer of scale comprising iron oxide and alloying elements oxides that is formed on an advanced high strength metal surface comprising at least two (2) percent by weight of alloy. A first conditioning process compromises structural integrity of or removes iron oxide within the scale layer to expose the alloy oxide to chemical engagement with a disposed aqueous alkali salt solution that is heated to transforming one or more alkali salts within the disposed solution into a quasi-molten form. The alloy oxide is oxidized via reaction with the solution quasi molten alkali salt(s) and water, forming one or more water soluble alkali alloy compounds. A water rinse dissolves and rinses the water soluble compound(s) from the steel product surface of the advanced high strength, leaving a film of iron oxide on the surface that is removed via a final pickling process.

Aspects treat and remove a layer of scale comprising iron oxide and alloying elements oxides that is formed on an advanced high strength metal surface comprising at least two (2) percent by weight of alloy. A first conditioning process compromises structural integrity of or removes iron oxide within the scale layer to expose the alloy oxide to chemical engagement with a disposed aqueous alkali salt solution that is heated to transforming one or more alkali salts within the disposed solution into a quasi-molten form. The alloy oxide is oxidized via reaction with the solution quasi molten alkali salt(s) and water, forming one or more water soluble alkali alloy compounds. A water rinse dissolves and rinses the water soluble compound(s) from the steel product surface of the advanced high strength, leaving a film of iron oxide on the surface that is removed via a final pickling process.

A treatment process for a gas turbine component comprising a bond coating and a ceramic coating, an oxide-forming treatment composition, and a treated component are disclosed. The ceramic coating is contacted with a treatment composition. The treatment composition includes a carrier and a particulate oxide-forming material suspended within the carrier. The particulate oxide-forming material is one or more of yttria oxide, antimony, or tin oxide. The treatment composition is heated to form an oxide overlay coating on the ceramic coating. The treated component includes a ceramic coating and one or both of a corrosion inhibitor and an oxide formed by an oxide-forming treatment composition having the corrosion inhibitor.