In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a process tool that includes a chamber housing defined by a processing chamber, and a wafer chuck structure arranged within the processing chamber. The wafer chuck structure is configured to hold a wafer during a fabrication process. The wafer chuck includes a lower portion and an upper portion arranged over the lower portion. The lower portion includes trenches extending from a topmost surface towards a bottommost surface of the lower portion. The upper portion includes openings that are holes, extend completely through the upper portion, and directly overlie the trenches of the lower portion. Multiple of the openings directly overlie each trench. Further, cooling gas piping is coupled to the trenches of the lower portion of the wafer chuck structure, and a cooling gas source is coupled to the cooling gas piping.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a process tool that includes a chamber housing defined by a processing chamber, and a wafer chuck structure arranged within the processing chamber. The wafer chuck structure is configured to hold a wafer during a fabrication process. The wafer chuck includes a lower portion and an upper portion arranged over the lower portion. The lower portion includes trenches extending from a topmost surface towards a bottommost surface of the lower portion. The upper portion includes openings that are holes, extend completely through the upper portion, and directly overlie the trenches of the lower portion. Multiple of the openings directly overlie each trench. Further, cooling gas piping is coupled to the trenches of the lower portion of the wafer chuck structure, and a cooling gas source is coupled to the cooling gas piping.

A sputtering apparatus includes a base on which a substrate is mounted, an annular member disposed at an outer periphery of the base to surround a side surface and a backside of the substrate without in contact with the substrate, and an edge cover that covers an outer edge of an upper surface of the substrate mounted on the base. The annular member has a first surface facing the backside of the substrate mounted on the base with a gap, a second surface facing the side surface of the substrate mounted on the base with a gap, and a tapered surface formed at a corner portion between the first surface and the second surface.

Structures and methods for manufacturing photovoltaic devices by forming perovskite layers and perovskite precursor layers using vapor transport deposition (VTD) are described.

Structures and methods for manufacturing photovoltaic devices by forming perovskite layers and perovskite precursor layers using vapor transport deposition (VTD) are described.

A film forming apparatus includes a target holder that holds a target facing a substrate and extending in a predetermined direction on a horizontal plane, a magnet unit including a pair of magnet assemblies each having magnets and disposed at a back side of the target holder, a pair of shielding members disposed between the target and the substrate to extend from the target toward the substrate, and a moving mechanism configured to reciprocate the magnet unit between one end and the other end in the predetermined direction. The magnet assemblies are arranged along the predetermined direction, and each of the shielding members is disposed, in plan view, on a boundary line between a first region where only one of the magnet assemblies passes during a reciprocating motion of the magnet unit and a second region where both of the magnet assemblies pass therethrough during the reciprocating motion.

EC film stacks and different layers within the EC film stacks are disclosed. Methods of manufacturing these layers are also disclosed. In one embodiment, an EC layer comprises nanostructured EC layer. These layers may be manufactured by various methods, including, including, but not limited to glancing angle deposition, oblique angle deposition, electrophoresis, electrolyte deposition, and atomic layer deposition. The nanostructured EC layers have a high specific surface area, improved response times, and higher color efficiency.

Apparatus and methods for improving film uniformity in a physical vapor deposition (PVD) process are provided herein. In some embodiments, a PVD chamber includes a pedestal disposed within a processing region of the PVD chamber, the pedestal having an upper surface configured to support a substrate thereon, a first motor coupled to the pedestal, a lid assembly comprising a first target, a first magnetron disposed over a portion of the first target, and in a region of the lid assembly that is maintained at atmospheric pressure, a first actuator configured to translate the first magnetron in a first direction, a second actuator configured to translate the first magnetron in a second direction, and a system controller that is configured to cause the first magnetron to translate along at least a portion of a first path by causing the first actuator and second actuator to simultaneously translate the first magnetron.

Methods and apparatus reduce defects in substrates processed in a physical vapor (PVD) chamber. In some embodiments, a method for cleaning a process kit disposed in an inner volume of a process chamber includes positioning a non-sputtering shutter disk on a substrate support of the PVD chamber; energizing an oxygen-containing cleaning gas disposed in the inner volume of the PVD chamber to create a plasma reactive with carbon-based materials; and heating the process kit having a carbon-based material adhered thereto while exposed to the plasma to remove at least a portion of the carbon-based material adhered to the process kit.

A sputtering apparatus of the present invention is an apparatus performing deposition on a substrate to be processed using a sputtering method and includes a vacuum chamber, a target provided on a surface of a cathode provided in the vacuum chamber, a substrate holder provided in the vacuum chamber to face the target, and a swing unit that causes the substrate holder to be swingable with respect to the target. A swing region of the substrate to be processed in the substrate holder is set to be smaller than an erosion region of the target.