A method for selectively passivating a surface of a substrate, wherein the surface of the substrate includes at least a first surface comprising silicon nitride and at least a second surface comprising a material other than silicon nitride. The method includes the step of exposing the surface to at least one organoisocyanate wherein the organoisocyanate selectively reacts with the silicon nitride to passivate the first surface thereby leaving the second surface substantially unreacted.

Provided is a fabrication method for a composite planar pH sensor modified by graphene film including: slotting into substrate, setting copper foil on both sides, and setting leads on the copper foil; coating graphene film on the copper foils using micro mechanical stripping method to form the first graphene film and the second graphene film; depositing Sb layer and Sb.sub.2O.sub.3 layer successively on the first graphene film by magnetron sputtering method, and coating Nafion™ perfluorinated sulfonic acid membrane on the Sb.sub.2O.sub.3 layer by spin-coating method to fabricate pH working electrode; depositing Ag layer on the second graphene film and dipping in FeCl.sub.3 solution to form AgCl layer; coating the third graphene film on the AgCl layer to fabricate reference electrode. The composite planar pH sensor modified by graphene film may be used in pH measurement for solid, semisolid, mash and solution samples.

Methods and apparatus for passivating a target are provided herein. For example, a method includes a) supplying an oxidizing gas into an inner volume of the process chamber; b) igniting the oxidizing gas to form a plasma and oxidize at least one of a target or target material deposited on a process kit disposed in the inner volume of the process chamber; and c) performing a cycle purge comprising: c1) providing air into the process chamber to react with the at least one of the target or target material deposited on the process kit; c2) maintaining a predetermined pressure for a predetermined time within the process chamber to generate a toxic by-product caused by the air reacting with the at least one of the target or target material deposited on the process kit; and c3) exhausting the process chamber to remove the toxic by-product.

An electrochemical probe for in-vivo measurement of H.sub.2O.sub.2 oxidation within a living tissue. The electrochemical probe includes a sensing part and a handle. The sensing part includes a working electrode including a first biocompatible conductive needle, a counter electrode including a second biocompatible conductive needle, and a reference electrode including a third biocompatible conductive needle. The working electrode, the counter electrode, and the reference electrode are configured to be put in contact with the living tissue by inserting the sensing part into the living tissue. The handle includes an insertion part that may be configured to insert the sensing part into the living tissue. The sensing part is attached to the insertion part.

A preparation method for a metal-doped gallium oxide transparent conductive thin film for ultraviolet waveband includes: growing a contact layer thin film (2) on a substrate (1) first, and annealing the grown contact layer thin film (2) in a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere at 400° C. to 600° C. through a rapid thermal annealing furnace; growing a first Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 thin film (31) by sputtering through magnetron sputtering under argon conditions; growing a doped thin film (4) by sputtering through magnetron sputtering under argon conditions; growing a second Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 thin film (32) by sputtering through magnetron sputtering under argon conditions; and annealing the grown thin films in a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere at 500° C. to 600° C. through a rapid thermal annealing furnace, so that permeation, diffusion and fusion occur between thin film materials to form a metal-doped Ga.sub.2O.sub.3 thin film (5). A metal-doped gallium oxide transparent conductive thin film for ultraviolet waveband is provided.

The invention relates to a process for manufacturing a part made of nickel-based monocrystalline superalloy containing hafnium. This process is noteworthy in that it comprises the following successive steps consisting in: —manufacturing a nickel-based monocrystalline superalloy that is not doped with hafnium, —manufacturing a part from this superalloy, —directly depositing on said part a layer of hafnium having a thickness of between 50 nm and 800 nm, —carrying out a diffusion treatment of the hafnium so as to form an interdiffusion layer at the surface of said part and to thus obtain a part made of nickel-based monocrystalline superalloy containing hafnium.

A composite tungsten oxide film includes a composition represented by a general formula M.sub.xW.sub.yO.sub.z (wherein, an element M is one or more elements selected from alkaline metal, alkaline earth metal, Fe, In, Tl, and Sn, an element W is tungsten, and an element O is oxygen) as main components, wherein 0.001≤x/y≤1, 2.2≤z/y≤3.0, organic components are not contained substantially, a sheet resistance is 10.sup.5 ohms per square or more, a transmittance in a wavelength of 550 nm is 50% or more, a transmittance in a wavelength of 1400 nm is 30% or less, and also, an absorptance in a wavelength of 1400 nm is 35% or more, and an absorptance in a wavelength of 800 nm with respect to an absorptance in a wavelength of 1400 nm is 80% or less.

A method for cancer diagnosis is disclosed. The method includes forming a plurality of cultured cells on an electrochemical biosensor placing the electrochemical biosensor in a medium solution comprising a cell culture solution of a plurality of biological cells, measuring a first electrochemical response from the electrochemical biosensor with the plurality of cultured cells, forming a plurality of stimulated cells on the electrochemical biosensor by ultrasonically stimulating of the plurality of cultured cells, measuring a second electrochemical response from the electrochemical biosensor with the plurality of stimulated cells, and detecting presence of cancer cells responsive to a difference between the first electrochemical response and the second electrochemical response being less than a threshold. Where, the first electrochemical response includes an electrochemical response of the plurality of cultured cells and the second electrochemical response includes an electrochemical response of the plurality of stimulated cells.

A self-cleaning film system includes a substrate and an anti-reflection film disposed on the substrate. The anti-reflection film includes a first sheet formed from titanium dioxide, a second sheet formed from silicon dioxide and disposed on the first sheet, and a third sheet formed from titanium dioxide and disposed on the second sheet. The system includes a self-cleaning film disposed on the anti-reflection film and including a monolayer disposed on the third sheet and formed from a fluorinated material selected from the group consisting of fluorinated organic compounds, fluorinated inorganic compounds, and combinations thereof. The self-cleaning film includes a first plurality of regions disposed within the monolayer such that each of the first plurality of regions abuts and is surrounded by the fluorinated material and includes a photocatalytic material.

The invention relates to a method for synthesis of films made of light-absorbing material with perovskite-like structure which can be used for fabrication of perovskite solar cells. The method for synthesis of films made of light-absorbing material with perovskite-like structure with a structural formula ACB.sub.3 is characterized by sequential deposition of a layer of a reagent C onto a layer of a reagent AB with a thickness determined by stoichiometry of the reaction followed by the immersion of the layers in a liquid or gaseous medium containing reagent B.sub.2 where component A states for CH.sub.3NH.sub.3.sup.+, (NH.sub.2).sub.2CH.sup.+, C(NH.sub.2).sub.3.sup.+, Cs.sup.+ or a mixture thereof, component B states for Cl.sup.−, Br.sup.−, I.sup.− or a mixture thereof, component C states for metals Sn, Pb, Bi, or their melts, oxides, salts. The technical result achieved using the claimed invention is a simple and fast method for fabrication of a layer of light-absorbing organic-inorganic material with a perovskite-like structure which is homogeneous due to the formation of a film of the intermediate phase AB-B.sub.2 with improved morphology on the surfaces of a large area due to rapid crystallization, which allows the obtained material to be used in solar cells of large area.