In the present invention, there is provided a coating liquid for forming an insulation coating for a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, including: a solvent; and one or two more layered clay mineral powders having a specific surface area of 20 m.sup.2/g or more. In addition, in the present invention, there is provided a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet including: a base metal; and an insulation coating provided on a surface of the base metal, in which the insulation coating contains SiO.sub.2, and one or two of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and MgO, and has a porosity of 10% or less.

A method includes providing an electrically conductive mandrel having an outer surface layer comprising a preformed pattern. The metallic article is electroformed. The metallic article includes a plurality of electroformed elements formed in the preformed pattern on the outer surface layer of the mandrel. The plurality of electroformed elements have a first side adjacent to the outer surface layer of the mandrel and a second side. A solder is plated on the second side of the plurality of electroformed elements while on the mandrel. The metallic article is separated from the mandrel. The plurality of electroformed elements are interconnected such that the metallic article forms a unitary, free-standing piece. A solution is applied to create a blackening of the first side of the plurality of electroformed elements. The solder on the second side of the plurality of electroformed elements is not blackened.

The coating film-forming composition includes an aromatic compound having an amino group and an aromatic ring in one molecule, and thio compound (sulfur oxoacids having a pKa of 1.9 or less and salts thereof are excluded). pH of the coating film-forming composition is 4 to 10. The thio compound is preferably one that ionized to form anions in a solution, and thiosulfate and thiocyanate are especially preferable. By bringing the coating film-forming composition into contact with the surface of a metal member, a coating film is formed on the surface of the metal member, so that a surface-treated metal member can be obtained.

The coating film-forming composition includes an aromatic compound having an amino group and an aromatic ring in one molecule, and thio compound (sulfur oxoacids having a pKa of 1.9 or less and salts thereof are excluded). pH of the coating film-forming composition is 4 to 10. The thio compound is preferably one that ionized to form anions in a solution, and thiosulfate and thiocyanate are especially preferable. By bringing the coating film-forming composition into contact with the surface of a metal member, a coating film is formed on the surface of the metal member, so that a surface-treated metal member can be obtained.

Provided is a zinc-based plated steel sheet having a post-treated coating filmed thereon including: a steel sheet; a zinc plated layer formed on the steel sheet; and a post-treated coating formed on the plated layer, wherein the atomic ratio (O/M) of oxygen (O) to metals (M) contained in the post-treated coating is greater than 2 and less than 20, and a method for post-treating a zinc-based plated steel sheet. According to this, the zinc-based plated steel sheet having the post-treated coating formed thereon has the effects excellent in lubricity, weldability, adhesiveness, film-removing property and paintability. As the method of post-treating a zinc-based plated steel sheet of the present invention employs a simple coating method irrespective of the kind of plating layer, the process is simple and economical and the process operation cost is low.

A method of inhibiting corrosion of a metal surface in contact with geothermal system is provided. The method may include contacting the metal surface with a corrosion inhibitor composition by adding the composition to geothermal process water. The corrosion inhibitor composition may include an organic phosphonate, an ortho phosphate, and zinc or a salt thereof.

A composition for application to a substrate comprising a carrier, a permanganate ion source, and a corrosion inhibitor comprising a rare earth ion, an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, and/or a transition metal ion is disclosed. A substrate or article including the composition for application to a substrate, and a method of treating a substrate comprising applying the composition to a substrate to form a permanganate treated surface of the substrate, and applying a lithium containing composition on the permanganate treated surface are also disclosed.

A composition for application to a substrate comprising a carrier, a permanganate ion source, and a corrosion inhibitor comprising a rare earth ion, an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, and/or a transition metal ion is disclosed. A substrate or article including the composition for application to a substrate, and a method of treating a substrate comprising applying the composition to a substrate to form a permanganate treated surface of the substrate, and applying a lithium containing composition on the permanganate treated surface are also disclosed.

An object is to provide, for example, a method for manufacturing a film-forming substrate that can sufficiently improve both bleeding of a resin composition and adhesion between the resin composition and a metal substrate surface. For example, provided is a method for manufacturing a film-forming substrate having a film of a resin composition formed on a metal substrate surface, the method including: an etching step of etching a metal substrate surface with a micro-etching agent; a surface treatment step of bringing the etched metal substrate surface into contact with a surface treatment agent to perform a surface treatment such that a contact angle of water on the surface is 50 or more and 150 or less; and a film forming step of forming a film of a resin composition on the surface-treated metal substrate surface by an inkjet method.

The coating film-forming composition is a solution of pH 4 to 10 and includes an aromatic compound having an amino group and an aromatic ring in one molecule, a polybasic acid having two or more carboxy groups, and an oxidizing agent. As the oxidizing agent, hypochlorous acid, chlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, persulfuric acid, percarbonic acid, hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, or the like is used. The aromatic compound preferably contains a nitrogen-containing aromatic ring, and more preferably contains a primary amino group or a secondary amino group. The coating film-forming composition is used for, for example, forming a coating film on surface of a metal member.