A trivalent-chromium chemical conversion coating from which substantially no hexavalent chromium is released. The trivalent-chromium chemical conversion coating is one formed on the surface of a zinc or zinc-alloy deposit. In a brine spray test, the chemical conversion coating has unsusceptibility to corrosion (time required for white-rust formation) of 96 hours or longer. The chemical conversion coating has a hexavalent-chromium concentration less than 0.01 μg/cm.sup.2 in terms of metal atom amount. The amount of hexavalent chromium released after 30-day standing in a thermo-hygrostatic chamber at a temperature of 80° C. and a humidity of 95% (amount of hexavalent chromium released when the coating is immersed in 100° C. water for 10 minutes) is smaller than 0.05 μg/cm.sup.2.

A method of fabricating and inspecting a part, the method including the following steps a) treating a substrate including aluminum by a chemical conversion method making use of a treatment solution including chromium with a degree of oxidation of +III in order to obtain a part presenting a chemical conversion layer; and b) inspecting the presence of the chemical conversion layer obtained during step a) by using a colorimeter to measure the color of the chemical conversion layer and by comparing the measured color with a reference color.

A method of fabricating and inspecting a part, the method including the following steps a) treating a substrate including aluminum by a chemical conversion method making use of a treatment solution including chromium with a degree of oxidation of +III in order to obtain a part presenting a chemical conversion layer; and b) inspecting the presence of the chemical conversion layer obtained during step a) by using a colorimeter to measure the color of the chemical conversion layer and by comparing the measured color with a reference color.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet, including a groove including a bottom portion and a side portion positioned on a surface of the electrical steel sheet, a metal oxide layer positioned on the groove, and an insulating layer positioned on the metal oxide layer, wherein the steel sheet includes a normal groove in which thicknesses of the metal oxide layer positioned on the bottom portion and the side portion exceed 0.5 μm, and a defective groove in which thicknesses of the metal oxide layer positioned on the bottom portion and the side portion are 0.5 μm or less, the insulating layer positioned on the normal groove has a thickness of 0.5 μm to 1.5 μm, and the insulating layer positioned on the defective groove has a thickness of 1.5 to 10 μm.

Provided is a method of producing a grain-oriented electrical steel sheet having uniform and good coating properties and magnetic properties throughout the length and/or width of the steel sheet. The method comprises: subjecting a steel slab to hot rolling, to cold rolling once or twice or more with intermediate annealing therebetween, and to primary recrystallization annealing; applying a liquid or slurry annealing separator to a resultant steel sheet; and thereafter coiling the steel sheet and subjecting the steel sheet to final annealing, wherein, before, after, or simultaneously with the application of the annealing separator, an additive for changing a composition of the annealing separator is adhered to the steel sheet at a weight ratio of 15% or less to a total of the annealing separator and the additive so as to vary the composition of the annealing separator in a longitudinal direction and/or width direction of the steel sheet.

Selective deposition methods are described. A passivation film is deposited on a metal surface before deposition of a dielectric material. Methods include exposing a substrate surface including a metal surface and a dielectric surface to a heterocyclic reactant comprising a head group and a tailgroup in a processing chamber and selectively depositing the heterocyclic reactant on the metal surface to form a passivation layer, wherein the heterocyclic headgroup selectively reacts and binds to the metal surface.

Selective deposition methods are described. A passivation film is deposited on a metal surface before deposition of a dielectric material. Methods include exposing a substrate surface including a metal surface and a dielectric surface to a heterocyclic reactant comprising a head group and a tailgroup in a processing chamber and selectively depositing the heterocyclic reactant on the metal surface to form a passivation layer, wherein the heterocyclic headgroup selectively reacts and binds to the metal surface.

A method for treating and phosphatizing a metal board without using acid includes the following steps: performing a degreasing step to remove grease and dirt from a surface of the metal board with a degreasing agent; performing a blast-peening step by blasting and peening polygon blast-peening granules on the metal board through a centrifugal impeller to remove an oxidized layer; performing a washing step to clean remaining powders from the metal board after the blast-peening step; performing a phosphatizing step to form a protective phosphate coating on the metal board; performing another washing step to wash off remaining phosphatizing agents from the metal board; performing a rustproofing step to apply a rustproofing agent on the metal board; and performing a drying step to dry the metal board.

A method for treating and phosphatizing a metal board without using acid includes the following steps: performing a degreasing step to remove grease and dirt from a surface of the metal board with a degreasing agent; performing a blast-peening step by blasting and peening polygon blast-peening granules on the metal board through a centrifugal impeller to remove an oxidized layer; performing a washing step to clean remaining powders from the metal board after the blast-peening step; performing a phosphatizing step to form a protective phosphate coating on the metal board; performing another washing step to wash off remaining phosphatizing agents from the metal board; performing a rustproofing step to apply a rustproofing agent on the metal board; and performing a drying step to dry the metal board.

An apparatus for the implementation of a process for the continuous manufacturing of steel strips for packaging coated with a passivation layer is provided. An apparatus contains a transfer roller; a coating roller contacting the transfer roller, a surface of the coating roller having a plurality of hexagonally shaped cells with a line count being from 50 to 200 lines per centimeter and a volume being from 5.Math.10.sup.−6 to 10.Math.10.sup.−6 m.sup.3 per square meter of the coating roller surface; and a tank containing an aqueous passivation solution, the tank providing the aqueous passivation solution to the coating roller.