Provided is a technique of forming a film on a substrate by performing a cycle a predetermined number of times. The cycle includes: forming a first layer by supplying a gas containing a first element to the substrate, wherein the first layer is a discontinuous layer, a continuous layer, or a layer in which at least one of the discontinuous layer or the continuous layer is overlapped; forming a second layer including the first layer and a discontinuous layer including a second element stacked on the first layer; and forming a third layer by supplying a gas containing a third element to the substrate to modify the second layer under a condition where a modifying reaction of the second layer by the gas containing the third element is not saturated.

A vessel for transporting a material that is solid or semi-solid at ambient temperature, includes a body having an interior surface comprising textured metal, and a superoleophobic coating on the interior surface for inhibiting the material from adhering to the interior surface, the superoleophobic coating including a nanotextured coating disposed on the textured metal and functionalized with a fluorinated compound. The superoleophobic coating facilitates flow of the material along the interior surface.

A composition and method of kinetically depositing the composition to form a coating onto an exterior surface of a zirconium alloy cladding of a light water nuclear reactor which at least partially adheres to the exterior surface. The coating composition includes a first component and a second component. The first component is selected from the group consisting of zirconium, zirconium oxide and mixtures thereof. The second component is selected from the group consisting of Zr.sub.2AlC ceramic, Ti.sub.2AlC ceramic, Ti.sub.3AlC.sub.2 ceramic, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, aluminum, zirconium silicide, amorphous and semi-amorphous alloyed stainless steel, and mixtures of Zr.sub.2AlC ceramic, Ti.sub.2AlC ceramic and Ti.sub.3AlC.sub.2 ceramic. The coating has a gradient emanating from the exterior surface of the cladding toward an exposed outer surface of the coating such that percent by weight of the first component decreases and the second component increases from the exterior surface of the cladding toward the exposed outer surface of the coating.

Provided herein are thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and turbocharger heat shields comprising the same. The turbocharger heat shield can be metallic and include a front face having an aperture capable of accepting a turbocharger shaft. The TBC can include a bond coat applied to the turbocharger heat shield, an interfacial layer contacting the bond coat, and a ceramic top coat contacting the interfacial layer. The bond coat of the TBC can comprise nickel, at least about 4% aluminum, up to about 36% chromium. One or more of the one or more of the interfacial layer and the ceramic top coat can comprise aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, spinel, yttria-stabilized zirconia, gadolinium zirconate, and combinations thereof. One or more of the interfacial layer and the ceramic top coat can be free from yttria-stabilized zirconia and gadolinium zirconate. The TBC can have a total thickness of at least about 100 m.

A timepiece part has a substrate; and a first coating made from a material containing Co and including greater than or equal to 26 wt % and less than or equal to 30 wt % Cr, and greater than or equal to 5 wt % and less than or equal to 7 wt % Mo. The substrate is preferably made from a material including at least one of stainless steel and Ti. A second coating made of a material including at least one of TiC and TiCN is preferably disposed between the substrate and first coating.

A method includes casting a metallic material (56) in a mold (20) containing a core, the core having a substrate (40, 44) coated with a coating (42). A removing of the metallic material from the mold and decoring leaves a casting having a layer formed by the coating. The coating has a ceramic having a porosity in a zone (50) near the substrate less than a porosity in a zone (52) away from the substrate.

A metallic structure includes a first plurality of metal particles arranged in an amorphous structure; a second plurality of metal particles arranged in a crystalline structure having at least two grain sizes, wherein the crystalline structure is arranged to receive the amorphous structure deposited thereon; wherein the grain size is arranged in a gradient structure.

A piston for an internal combustion engine is provided. The piston includes a thermal barrier coating applied to a crown formed of steel. According to one embodiment, a bond layer of a metal is applied to a combustion surface of the crown, followed by a mixed layer of metal and ceramic with a gradient structure, and then optionally a top layer of metal. The thermal barrier coating can also include a ceramic layer between the mixed layer and top layer, or as the outermost layer. The ceramic includes at least one of ceria, ceria stabilized zirconia, yttria, yttria stabilized zirconia, calcia stabilized zirconia, magnesia stabilized zirconia, and zirconia stabilized by another oxide. The thermal barrier coating is applied by thermal spray, HVOF, or wire arc spraying. The thermal barrier coating preferably has a thickness less than 200 microns and a surface roughness Ra of not greater than 3 microns.

Provided is a method of manufacturing a hot-dip galvanized steel sheet. According to an aspect of the present invention, the method may include preparing a base steel sheet, forming a iron (Fe)-plated layer on the prepared base steel sheet, oxidation heating the steel sheet having the Fe-plated layer formed thereon at a temperature ranging from 600 C. to 800 C., maintaining the heated steel sheet at a temperature ranging from 750 C. to 900 C. for 5 seconds or more in a reducing atmosphere with a dew point of between -30 C. to 5 C. including 20 ppm or less of oxygen, 1 vol % to 20 vol % of H.sub.2, and N.sub.2 as well as unavoidable gases as a remainder, cooling the maintained steel sheet, and plating the cooled steel sheet by dipping in a hot-dip galvanizing bath.

The invention relates to a multilayer multi-element composite hard PVD coating with low friction coefficient on the surface of a piston ring, a piston ring and a preparation process. The present invention employs vacuum multi-arc ion plating vapor deposition process, which uses multiple multi-arc ion sources, in the combination of equipping with different single metal target material and multi-element target material to deposit multilayer multi-element composite hard PVD coating with low friction coefficient on the surface of a steel or cast iron piston ring. The coating consists of five layers with the total thickness of up to 60 m. The coating has high adhesion with the surface of piston ring, high hardness, low friction coefficient and good abrasion resistance. By controlling the adding amount of additive elements Al, Mo, W, B, Si and Ti, the friction coefficient of the coating can be further reduced 5 to 20% compared with that of a single TiN or CrN deposited layer.