Systems and methods for etching complex patterns on an interior surface of a hollow object are disclosed. A method generally includes positioning a laser system within the hollow object with a focal point of the laser focused on the interior surface, and operating the laser system to form the complex pattern on the interior surface. Motion of the laser system and the hollow object is controlled by a motion control system configured to provide rotation and/or translation about a longitudinal axis of one or both of the hollow object and the laser system based on the complex pattern, and change a positional relationship between a reflector and a focusing lens of the laser system to accommodate a change in distance between the reflector and the interior surface of the hollow object.

Described embodiments include an apparatus that includes an intrabody probe and an electrode coupled to a distal end of the intrabody probe. The electrode includes a flexible electrically-insulating substrate, comprising a substrate surface. The electrode further includes a layer of an electrically-conducting metal covering at least part of the substrate surface. The electrode further includes a metallic sheet, comprising an inner sheet surface, and an outer sheet surface shaped to define multiple depressions. The electrode further includes an adhesive, which fills the depressions and bonds the outer sheet surface to the layer of the electrically-conducting metal. Other embodiments are also described.

A method for forming a cutting tool includes masking a metal base with one or more masks, the one or more masks including at least one variable permeability mask, and chemically etching the masked metal base to form a blade of the cutting tool.

A method for forming a cutting tool includes masking a metal base with one or more masks, the one or more masks including at least one variable permeability mask, and chemically etching the masked metal base to form a blade of the cutting tool.

Methods, apparatuses and systems are disclosed for chemically etching parts by generating an enclosed chemical etching chamber in contact with a part surface and directing a flow of chemical etchant solution in contact with a part region to be etched.

Methods, apparatuses and systems are disclosed for chemically etching parts by generating an enclosed chemical etching chamber in contact with a part surface and directing a flow of chemical etchant solution in contact with a part region to be etched.

A light shielding plate includes: a front surface located on a light entry side; a rear surface facing away from the front surface; and a hole extending through between the front surface and the rear surface. The hole includes a first hole portion and a second hole portion connected to the first hole portion at a center opening. The first hole portion extends from a rear surface opening in the rear surface to the center opening and is tapered in shape from the rear surface toward the front surface. The second hole portion extends from a front surface opening in the front surface to the center opening and is tapered in shape from the front surface toward the rear surface. The front surface opening is larger in size than the rear surface opening.

A chemically etched cutting tool includes a metal base having a first side and a second side, and a chemically etched blade on at least one side of the metal base, the chemically etched blade forming a cutting edge at the intersection of the first side of the chemically etched blade and the second side of the chemically etched blade. The first side of the chemically etched blade includes one or more concave portions and one or more convex portions with at least one inflection point between the concave portions and one or more convex portions. The second side of the chemically etched blade includes one or more concave portions and one or more convex portions with at least one inflection point between the concave portions and one or more convex portions.

A chemically etched cutting tool includes a metal base having a first side and a second side, and a chemically etched blade on at least one side of the metal base, the chemically etched blade forming a cutting edge at the intersection of the first side of the chemically etched blade and the second side of the chemically etched blade. The first side of the chemically etched blade includes one or more concave portions and one or more convex portions with at least one inflection point between the concave portions and one or more convex portions. The second side of the chemically etched blade includes one or more concave portions and one or more convex portions with at least one inflection point between the concave portions and one or more convex portions.

A method for forming a cutting tool includes masking a metal base with one or more masks, the one or more masks including at least one variable permeability mask, and chemically etching the masked metal base to form a blade of the cutting tool.