The present invention is directed to methods for inhibiting growth of bacteria and to nanometer scale surfaces having antibacterial properties.

A low-power transparent electro-thermal film device is provided. The device includes a transparent substrate, a transparent conductor layer disposed at least one side of the transparent substrate, and a plurality of inner electrodes disposed on the transparent conductor layer and including a first plurality of inner electrodes extending in a comb shape from a first electrode bus bar and a second plurality of inner electrodes extending in the comb shape from a second electrode bus bar. The first plurality of inner electrodes inter-lock with the second plurality of inner electrodes.

Inspired by the discovery that environmental heat energy can be isothermally utilized through electrostatically localized protons at a liquid-membrane interface to do useful work such as driving ATP synthesis, the present invention discloses an innovative energy renewal method with making and using an asymmetric function-gated isothermal electricity production system comprising at least one pair of a low work function thermal electron emitter and a high work function electron collector across a barrier space installed in a container with electric conductor support to enable energy recycle process functions with utilization of environmental heat energy isothermally for at least one of: a) utilization of environmental heat energy for energy renewing of fully dissipated waste heat energy from the environment to generate electricity to do useful work; b) providing a novel cooling function for a new type of refrigerator by isothermally extracting environmental heat energy from inside the refrigerator while generating isothermal electricity.

Inspired by the discovery that environmental heat energy can be isothermally utilized through electrostatically localized protons at a liquid-membrane interface to do useful work such as driving ATP synthesis, the present invention discloses an innovative energy renewal method with making and using an asymmetric function-gated isothermal electricity production system comprising at least one pair of a low work function thermal electron emitter and a high work function electron collector across a barrier space installed in a container with electric conductor support to enable energy recycle process functions with utilization of environmental heat energy isothermally for at least one of: a) utilization of environmental heat energy for energy renewing of fully dissipated waste heat energy from the environment to generate electricity to do useful work; b) providing a novel cooling function for a new type of refrigerator by isothermally extracting environmental heat energy from inside the refrigerator while generating isothermal electricity.

A patterning sheet, or the like, is suitable when a complex etching target is to be etched in a simple manner to produce an etched structure. This patterning sheet comprises a base sheet formed from an etching-solution permeable first polymer, and particles dispersed in the base sheet and formed from a second polymer, which absorbs and holds the etching solution.

A patterning sheet, or the like, is suitable when a complex etching target is to be etched in a simple manner to produce an etched structure. This patterning sheet comprises a base sheet formed from an etching-solution permeable first polymer, and particles dispersed in the base sheet and formed from a second polymer, which absorbs and holds the etching solution.

Compositions and methods are presented that selectively dissolve calcium from a variety of cementitious materials without dissolving or otherwise degrading calcium silica hydrate (CSH). Preferably, contemplated compositions comprise guanidine bisulfate hydrochloride, which can be prepared from a reaction of urea, hydrochloric acid, and sulfamic acid. Therefore, it is especially contemplated that the compositions contemplated herein are particularly suitable to clean or otherwise condition surfaces of cured concrete, Portland cement-based material, or an aggregate containing CSH.

A touch screen sensor includes a visible light transparent substrate and an electrically conductive micropattern disposed on or in the visible light transparent substrate. The micropattern includes a first region micropattern within a touch sensing area and a second region micropattern. The first region micropattern has a first sheet resistance value in a first direction, is visible light transparent, and has at least 90% open area. The second region micropattern has a second sheet resistance value in the first direction. The first sheet resistance value is different from the second sheet resistance value.

A touch screen sensor includes a visible light transparent substrate and an electrically conductive micropattern disposed on or in the visible light transparent substrate. The micropattern includes a first region micropattern within a touch sensing area and a second region micropattern. The first region micropattern has a first sheet resistance value in a first direction, is visible light transparent, and has at least 90% open area. The second region micropattern has a second sheet resistance value in the first direction. The first sheet resistance value is different from the second sheet resistance value.

A touch screen sensor includes a visible light transparent substrate and an electrically conductive micropattern disposed on or in the visible light transparent substrate. The micropattern includes a first region micropattern within a touch sensing area and a second region micropattern. The first region micropattern has a first sheet resistance value in a first direction, is visible light transparent, and has at least 90% open area. The second region micropattern has a second sheet resistance value in the first direction. The first sheet resistance value is different from the second sheet resistance value.