An electrolytic cell includes a liquid metal cathode, an anode, and a molten salt electrolyte in contact with the liquid metal cathode and the anode. The molten salt electrolyte includes carbonate ions, and the electrolytic cell is configured to reduce the carbonate ions at the surface of the cathode or in the vicinity of the cathode to yield a carbon material and oxide ions. Producing a carbon material in the electrolytic cell includes providing carbonate ions to the electrolytic cell, reducing the carbonate ions at the liquid metal cathode to yield the carbon material, and removing the carbon material from the electrolytic cell.

The present invention relates to a method for operating a fluidized bed apparatus and to a fluidized bed apparatus, the method comprising the following steps: providing particulate metal to a reaction chamber of a fluidized bed reactor, providing an oxidizing agent to a fluidizing bottom of the fluidized bed reactor such that particulate matter comprising the particulate metal is fluidized, wherein the particulate metal reacts with the oxidizing agent to particulate metal oxide, withdrawing particulate metal oxide from the reaction chamber, storing the withdrawn particulate metal oxide, providing particulate metal oxide to the reaction chamber of the fluidized bed reactor, providing a reducing agent containing gas to the fluidizing bottom of the fluidized bed reactor such that particulate matter comprising the particulate metal oxide is fluidized, wherein the particulate metal oxide reacts with the reducing agent to particulate metal, withdrawing the particulate metal from the reaction chamber, storing the withdrawn particulate metal.

The present invention relates to a method for operating a fluidized bed apparatus and to a fluidized bed apparatus, the method comprising the following steps: providing particulate metal to a reaction chamber of a fluidized bed reactor, providing an oxidizing agent to a fluidizing bottom of the fluidized bed reactor such that particulate matter comprising the particulate metal is fluidized, wherein the particulate metal reacts with the oxidizing agent to particulate metal oxide, withdrawing particulate metal oxide from the reaction chamber, storing the withdrawn particulate metal oxide, providing particulate metal oxide to the reaction chamber of the fluidized bed reactor, providing a reducing agent containing gas to the fluidizing bottom of the fluidized bed reactor such that particulate matter comprising the particulate metal oxide is fluidized, wherein the particulate metal oxide reacts with the reducing agent to particulate metal, withdrawing the particulate metal from the reaction chamber, storing the withdrawn particulate metal.

An electrochemical compressor, including a first end plate, a second end plate, a voltage supply connected to the first end plate and second end plate, a plurality of membranes, where each membrane of the plurality of membranes has a substantially same impedance, and where each membrane of the plurality of membranes has a different thickness in a stacking direction, and a plurality of conductive bipolar plates, where the bipolar plates of the plurality of bipolar plates are arranged in contact with, and alternating in the stacking direction with, the membranes of the plurality of membranes, and where the membranes of the plurality of membranes and the bipolar plates of the plurality of bipolar plates are electrically connected in series between the first end plate and second end plate.

A system preferably including a carbon dioxide reactor. A method for carbon dioxide reactor control, preferably including selecting carbon dioxide reactor aspects based on a desired output composition, running a carbon dioxide reactor under controlled process conditions to produce a desired output composition, and/or altering the process conditions to alter the output composition.

A system preferably including a carbon dioxide reactor. A method for carbon dioxide reactor control, preferably including selecting carbon dioxide reactor aspects based on a desired output composition, running a carbon dioxide reactor under controlled process conditions to produce a desired output composition, and/or altering the process conditions to alter the output composition.

An anode current collector of an electrochemical cell includes an inner portion in which a first hole is formed, and an outer portion located outside the inner portion and in which a second hole is formed. The first hole has a cross-sectional area that increases toward a supply flow path, and the second hole has a cross-sectional area that increases toward an electrolyte membrane.

Herein discussed is an electrochemical reactor comprising an ionically conducting membrane, wherein the reactor performs the water gas shift reactions electrochemically without electricity input, wherein electrochemical water gas shift reactions involve the exchange of an ion through the membrane and include forward water gas shift reactions, or reverse water gas shift reactions, or both. Also discussed herein is a reactor comprising: a bi-functional layer and a mixed conducting membrane; wherein the bi-functional layer and the mixed conducting membrane are in contact with each other, and wherein the bi-functional layer catalyzes reverse-water-gas-shift (RWGS) reaction and functions as an anode in an electrochemical reaction.

Herein discussed is an electrochemical reactor comprising an ionically conducting membrane, wherein the reactor performs the water gas shift reactions electrochemically without electricity input, wherein electrochemical water gas shift reactions involve the exchange of an ion through the membrane and include forward water gas shift reactions, or reverse water gas shift reactions, or both. Also discussed herein is a reactor comprising: a bi-functional layer and a mixed conducting membrane; wherein the bi-functional layer and the mixed conducting membrane are in contact with each other, and wherein the bi-functional layer catalyzes reverse-water-gas-shift (RWGS) reaction and functions as an anode in an electrochemical reaction.

Disclosed herein are electrolytes having increased proton conduction and steam tolerance for use in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). The disclosed SOECs provide an enhanced means for obtaining hydrogen. The disclosed SOECs provide enhanced conductivity and stability and, therefore, result in higher performance when used to fabricate electrolysis cells, fuel cells, and reversible cells.