A method and/or electrochemical cell for utilizing one or more gas diffusion 5 electrodes (GDEs) in an electrochemical cell, the one or more gas diffusion electrodes have a wetting pressure and/or a bubble point exceeding 0.2 bar. The one or more gas diffusion electrodes can be subjected to a pressure differential between a liquid side and a gas side. A pressure on the liquid side of the GDE over the gas side does not exceed the wetting pressure of the GDE during 10 operation (in cases where a liquid electrolyte side has higher pressure), and/or a pressure on the gas side of the GDE over the liquid side, does not exceeds the bubble point of the GDE (in cases where the gas side has the higher pressure).

An electrode for use in an electrochemical cell, especially a zinc-bromine flow battery or a hydrogen/bromine flow battery, and methods for manufacturing and using the electrode is provided. The electrode has a metal substrate and a catalytic coating applied onto the substrate wherein the catalytic coating has a Ru-rich mixture of ruthenium and having 70-80 mol % Ru, 1-5 mol % Pt and 17-25 mol % Ir. The catalytic coating composition exhibits a surprisingly high voltage efficiency and operating lifetime despite its relatively low Ir/Ru and Pt/Ru ratios. The underlying metal substrate is for example a porous Ti layer or a layer with titanium suboxides Ti.sub.xO.sub.y.

An electrode for use in an electrochemical cell, especially a zinc-bromine flow battery or a hydrogen/bromine flow battery, and methods for manufacturing and using the electrode is provided. The electrode has a metal substrate and a catalytic coating applied onto the substrate wherein the catalytic coating has a Ru-rich mixture of ruthenium and having 70-80 mol % Ru, 1-5 mol % Pt and 17-25 mol % Ir. The catalytic coating composition exhibits a surprisingly high voltage efficiency and operating lifetime despite its relatively low Ir/Ru and Pt/Ru ratios. The underlying metal substrate is for example a porous Ti layer or a layer with titanium suboxides Ti.sub.xO.sub.y.

A chlorinator system for pools or spas is disclosed. The chlorinator system includes a replaceable chlorinator cell cartridge having built in sensors, switches, and custom connections. The chlorinator system includes a controller, a chlorinator, a replaceable cell cartridge, and compression fittings for connecting the chlorinator to piping of a pool or spa system. The cartridge includes a body, a bi-directional flow switch, a connector plug, a lid, a printed circuit board, which includes non-volatile memory, and electrically-charged plates or blades.

Systems and processes for removing and purifying bromide from an aqueous bromide solution are described. Electrochemistry is used to either convert bromide to bromine to allow its extraction in an organic phase, or to cause deposition of bromine onto an electrode. In either case, once removed from the aqueous bromide solution, the bromide can be recovered and purified.

Systems and processes for removing and purifying bromide from an aqueous bromide solution are described. Electrochemistry is used to either convert bromide to bromine to allow its extraction in an organic phase, or to cause deposition of bromine onto an electrode. In either case, once removed from the aqueous bromide solution, the bromide can be recovered and purified.

An example electrolysis system for the electrochemical production of ethylene oxide includes an electrolysis cell having an anode in an anode space and a cathode in a cathode space and a gas separation element. The cathode space has a first inlet for carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide. The anode space is integrated into an anolyte circuit and the cathode space is integrated into a catholyte circuit. The catholyte circuit has a first product outlet for a reduction product joined to a first connecting conduit connected to the anolyte circuit. The anode space is configured for bringing a reduction product introduced via the first connecting conduit into contact with an oxidation product.

Disclosed are gas permeable 3D electrodes, preferably that have practical utility in, particularly, electro-energy and electro-synthetic applications. Gas permeable materials, such as non-conductive porous polymer membranes, are attached to one or more porous conductive materials. In another aspect there is provided a method for the fabrication of gas permeable 3D electrodes, for example gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). The 3D electrodes can be utilised in electrochemical cells or devices.

This invention discloses a multifunctional electrode additive and methods for forming electrodes that incorporate the additive. The additive may be an electro-active carbon, such as nitrogen and/or phosphorous doped carbon, with functional groups that form a hydrophobic surface. The additive has a combination of properties that make it useful in a number of electrode and other applications.

The present disclosure relates in its first aspect to a process of converting a stream comprising methane into chemicals, said process being remarkable in that it comprises the steps of providing a first stream (1, 5, 11) comprising methane, providing a second stream (79) which is a bromine-rich stream, putting into contact said first stream (15) with said second stream (79) to obtain a third stream (21) comprising at least unreacted methane, methyl bromide, dibromomethane, and hydrogen bromide and removing said dibromomethane from said third stream (21), to produce a dibromomethane stream (103) and a fourth stream (27) comprising unreacted methane, methyl bromide and hydrogen bromide; wherein the fourth stream (27) is converted into chemicals. In its second aspect, the present disclosure concerns an installation for carrying out the process of the first aspect.