Embodiments of the invention relate to methods and systems for producing ammonium perchlorate.

Embodiments of the invention relate to methods and systems for producing ammonium perchlorate.

A side stream subsystem can be used to remove impurity species from the recirculating alkali metal chloride solution in certain electrolysis systems. Silicon and/or aluminum species can be removed via precipitation after introducing an alkali metal hydroxide and magnesium chloride in a side stream line in the subsystem. The invention can allow for a substantial reduction in raw material and capital costs.

Described herein are three methods for making halogenated fluorinated ether-containing compounds using a fluorinated olefin or hexafluoropropylene oxide.

An oral care implement having conductive protrusions. In one embodiment, the oral care implement includes a handle and a head coupled to the handle. Furthermore, the oral care implement includes a power source. A plurality of conductive protrusions may be electrically coupled to the power source. The plurality of conductive protrusions may include a base proximate the head and a distal end spaced from the head. Furthermore, at least one of the conductive protrusions may taper from the base to the distal end.

The present invention provides a composition for etching treatment of a resin material, the composition comprising an aqueous solution having a permanganate ion concentration of 0.2 mmol/L or more and a total acid concentration of 10 mol/L or more, and the aqueous solution satisfying at least one of the following conditions (1) to (3): (1) containing an organic sulfonic acid in an amount of 1.5 mol/L or more, (2) setting the divalent manganese ion molar concentration to 15 or more times higher than the permanganate ion molar concentration, and (3) setting the addition amount of an anhydrous magnesium salt to 0.1 to 1 mol/L. The composition for etching treatment of the present invention is a composition containing no hexavalent chromium and having excellent etching performance and good bath stability.

The present invention provides a composition for etching treatment of a resin material, the composition comprising an aqueous solution having a permanganate ion concentration of 0.2 mmol/L or more and a total acid concentration of 10 mol/L or more, and the aqueous solution satisfying at least one of the following conditions (1) to (3): (1) containing an organic sulfonic acid in an amount of 1.5 mol/L or more, (2) setting the divalent manganese ion molar concentration to 15 or more times higher than the permanganate ion molar concentration, and (3) setting the addition amount of an anhydrous magnesium salt to 0.1 to 1 mol/L. The composition for etching treatment of the present invention is a composition containing no hexavalent chromium and having excellent etching performance and good bath stability.

This invention relates to a resource-recycling type method and apparatus for treating industrial wastewater using an oxidizing agent produced from wastewater, wherein, in the treatment of industrial wastewater containing nitrogen compounds and refractory COD-causing pollutants, an oxidizing agent is autonomously produced using ammonia gas stripped from wastewater and is then added back to the wastewater, thus economically treating the wastewater without the need to purchase an expensive oxidizing agent. This wastewater treatment method, suitable for use in decreasing amounts of nitrogen pollutants (T-N), including ethanolamine compounds and ammonia nitrogen (NH.sub.3N), and refractory COD-causing pollutants in industrial wastewater, includes: stripping ammonia from raw wastewater, producing an oxidizing agent via addition of sulfuric acid to the stripped ammonia, electrolysis and addition of sodium hydroxide, and performing chemical treatment by adding the produced oxidizing agent back to the raw wastewater from which ammonia was stripped, thus removing the nitrogen pollutants (T-N) and the refractory COD-causing pollutants, and the apparatus used to perform the wastewater treatment method is also provided.

In some embodiments, an oral care implement includes a housing, a power source, and a plurality of conductive protrusions extending from a surface of the housing. Also disclosed are methods of using the oral care implement, for example, for treating conditions in the oral cavity.

If incorporated in a cleaning system using persulfuric acid, the invention serves for continuous cleaning while increasing the persulfuric acid concentration adequately to ensure enhanced cleaning performance. The invention provides a feeding apparatus that feeds persulfuric acid to a cleaning apparatus. The cleaning system uses an electrolysis reactor 10 that regenerates the persulfuric acid solution by performing electrolytic reaction to produce persulfate ions from sulfate ions contained in the solution, and a circulation line 4, 5, 6 that circulates the persulfuric acid solution between the cleaning vessel 1 and the electrolysis reactor 10. Configured as above, the invention can provides a feeding apparatus. The cleaning system comprises said configuration and a cleaning vessel 1 that cleans objects 30 using a persulfuric acid solution 2 as cleaning fluid.