A catalyst-free electrochemical deuteration method using deuterium oxide as a deuterium source, adding an electrolyte, an organic compound containing an ethylenic bond or acetylenic bond, deuterium oxide, and an organic solvent into a reactor, applying a direct current voltage of 4-8 V between electrodes of a carbon felt in an atmosphere of an inert gas for an electrolytic reaction, to obtain a product, and purifying the product to obtain a deuterated product. In the method provided by the present disclosure, with the organic compound containing an ethylenic bond or acetylenic bond as a raw material, deuterium oxide as a deuterium source, cheap and readily available carbon electrode materials as cathodes and anodes, it is possible to obtain deuterated products by a direct current electrolysis in an organic solvent, without any transition metal catalysts.

The present invention relates to a method for preparing primary diamines from amino acid compounds. Specifically, this invention is related to the preparation of a primary diamine from an amino acid and/or its salt by Kolbe electrolysis coupling reaction.

Provided are methods of making aliphatic or aromatic compounds (e.g., small molecules or polymers) having one or more amine groups and/or imine groups. A method of the present disclosure is an electrohydrogenation method, where a potential is applied to an aliphatic or aromatic compound (e.g., small molecule or polymer) having one or more nitrile groups, where after the potential is applied one or more of the nitrile groups are reduced to an amine or imine. The electrohydrogenation may be carried out using non-pulsed or pulsed potential waveforms.

Provided are methods of making aliphatic or aromatic compounds (e.g., small molecules or polymers) having one or more amine groups and/or imine groups. A method of the present disclosure is an electrohydrogenation method, where a potential is applied to an aliphatic or aromatic compound (e.g., small molecule or polymer) having one or more nitrile groups, where after the potential is applied one or more of the nitrile groups are reduced to an amine or imine. The electrohydrogenation may be carried out using non-pulsed or pulsed potential waveforms.

The invention relates to a method for producing a functionalised semiconductor or conductor material from a layered structured base material by electrolytic exfoliation in an electrolysis cell, comprising at least one electrode pair consisting of first and second electrodes, and an aqueous and/or alcoholic electrolyte solution, containing sulphuric acid and/or at least one salt selected from sulphate and/or hydrogen sulphate and/or perchlorate and/or persulphate salt, comprising the steps of: a) bringing the electrodes into contact with the electrolyte solution; b) electronically exfoliating the base material by applying a voltage between the first and the second electrode; c) separating the functionalised conductor or semiconductor material from the electrolyte solution, wherein at least the first of the electrodes of the electrode pair contains the layered, carbon-based base material, the first electrode being connected as an anode, wherein at least one organic compound is added to the electrolyte solution before and/or during and/or immediately after the electrolytic exfoliation, wherein the organic compound is selected from i) anodically oxidisable organic molecules containing at least one alcohol group and/or at least one amino group and/or at least one carboxyl group, and/or ii) organic molecules containing at least one isocyanate group and/or at least one halide group and/or at least one epoxide group and/or at least one diazonium group and/or at least one peroxide group and/or at least one azide group and/or cyclic esters and/or cyclic amides, and/or iii) precursors or monomers of electrically conductive polymers, and/or iv) free-radical polymerisable, water-soluble vinyl monomers which have in their structure at least one amino group and/or at least one anionic functional group.

A hydrogel is formed by a reaction which is induced, in an electrolytic solution, by an electrode product electrochemically generated by electrodes installed in the electrolytic solution. An apparatus including an electrolytic tank with a bottom surface on which a two-dimensional array of working electrodes is provided and a counter electrode installed in the electrolytic tank is prepared. An electrolytic solution containing a dissolved substance that causes electrolytic deposition of a hydrogel is housed in the electrolytic tank. By applying a predetermined voltage to one or more selected working electrodes of the two-dimensional array, a hydrogel with a two-dimensional pattern corresponding to the arrangement of the selected working electrodes is formed.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for the electrochemical reductive cross-coupling of sp.sup.2 and sp.sup.3 hybridized carbon atoms. The methods proceed under mild conditions and have a wide substrate tolerance.

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for the electrochemical reductive cross-coupling of sp.sup.2 and sp.sup.3 hybridized carbon atoms. The methods proceed under mild conditions and have a wide substrate tolerance.

An electrochemical reactor comprising an electrolyte compartment wherein at least one of the side walls of the electrolyte compartment is an electrode and an opposite side wall comprises a separator element. Further there is a plurality of electrically conductive granules forming a working electrode for a electrochemical main reaction in the electrolyte compartment and enclosed in the electrolyte compartment. The granules comprise a first material exhibiting at least a first activation overpotential for an electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element. The electrochemical reactor comprises a spacer element for maintaining the granules at least at a distance d from the separator element on the electrolyte-facing side of the separator element. The spacer element is electrically conductive and comprises a second material exhibiting a second activation overpotential for the electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element and is larger than the first activation overpotential.

An electrochemical reactor comprising an electrolyte compartment wherein at least one of the side walls of the electrolyte compartment is an electrode and an opposite side wall comprises a separator element. Further there is a plurality of electrically conductive granules forming a working electrode for a electrochemical main reaction in the electrolyte compartment and enclosed in the electrolyte compartment. The granules comprise a first material exhibiting at least a first activation overpotential for an electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element. The electrochemical reactor comprises a spacer element for maintaining the granules at least at a distance d from the separator element on the electrolyte-facing side of the separator element. The spacer element is electrically conductive and comprises a second material exhibiting a second activation overpotential for the electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element and is larger than the first activation overpotential.