A hydrogel is formed by a reaction which is induced, in an electrolytic solution, by an electrode product electrochemically generated by electrodes installed in the electrolytic solution. An apparatus including an electrolytic tank with a bottom surface on which a two-dimensional array of working electrodes is provided and a counter electrode installed in the electrolytic tank is prepared. An electrolytic solution containing a dissolved substance that causes electrolytic deposition of a hydrogel is housed in the electrolytic tank. By applying a predetermined voltage to one or more selected working electrodes of the two-dimensional array, a hydrogel with a two-dimensional pattern corresponding to the arrangement of the selected working electrodes is formed.

A hydrogel is formed by a reaction which is induced, in an electrolytic solution, by an electrode product electrochemically generated by electrodes installed in the electrolytic solution. An apparatus including an electrolytic tank with a bottom surface on which a two-dimensional array of working electrodes is provided and a counter electrode installed in the electrolytic tank is prepared. An electrolytic solution containing a dissolved substance that causes electrolytic deposition of a hydrogel is housed in the electrolytic tank. By applying a predetermined voltage to one or more selected working electrodes of the two-dimensional array, a hydrogel with a two-dimensional pattern corresponding to the arrangement of the selected working electrodes is formed.

A method of substituting an azide for hydrogen bonded to a tertiary carbon atom is provided. A liquid mixture in an oxygen-free environment has spaced-apart carbon and platinum electrodes disposed therein. The liquid mixture includes a solvent, ammonium azide, and a base material having at least one tertiary carbon atom with hydrogen bonded thereto. An electric current is applied to the electrodes where the liquid mixture undergoes a reaction. The electrochemically-induced reaction yields a liquid product and a solid product. The liquid product includes the solvent and a constituent having at least one tertiary carbon atom with an azide bonded thereto.

Provided herein are compositions, devices, systems and methods for electrochemical synthesis. Further provided are devices comprising addressable electrodes controlling polynucleotide synthesis (deprotection, extension, or cleavage, etc.) The compositions, devices, systems and methods described herein provide improved synthesis, storage, density, and retrieval of biomolecule-based information.

A series of 2,2′-dipyridyl ketone (DPK) containing metal complexes have been synthesized with metals including Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Pd, and Pt. These complexes have one, two or three DPK ligands chelated to the metal center. In addition to the DPK ligands the complexes can comprise halogen ligands that can easily exchange with carbon dioxide to allow for reduction to small molecules such as methanol or oxalate. Initial electrochemical measurements show a reversible binding of carbon dioxide to the metal catalyst.

Methods and systems related to valorizing carbon dioxide are disclosed. A disclosed system includes a reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reactor, a carbon dioxide source connection fluidly connecting a carbon dioxide source to the RWGS reactor, an electrolyzer having an anode area and a cathode area, and a carbon monoxide source connection fluidly connecting the RWGS reactor to the cathode area. The RWGS reactor is configured to generate, using a volume of carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide source connection, a volume of carbon monoxide in a RWGS reaction. The electrolyzer is configured to generate, using the electrolyzer and a reduction of the volume of carbon monoxide from the carbon monoxide source connection and an oxidation of an oxidation substrate, a volume of generated chemicals including hydrocarbons, organic acids, alcohol, olefins, or N-rich organic compounds.

Methods and systems related to valorizing carbon dioxide are disclosed. A disclosed system includes a reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reactor, a carbon dioxide source connection fluidly connecting a carbon dioxide source to the RWGS reactor, an electrolyzer having an anode area and a cathode area, and a carbon monoxide source connection fluidly connecting the RWGS reactor to the cathode area. The RWGS reactor is configured to generate, using a volume of carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide source connection, a volume of carbon monoxide in a RWGS reaction. The electrolyzer is configured to generate, using the electrolyzer and a reduction of the volume of carbon monoxide from the carbon monoxide source connection and an oxidation of an oxidation substrate, a volume of generated chemicals including hydrocarbons, organic acids, alcohol, olefins, or N-rich organic compounds.

This invention provides a catalytic process wherein alternating current is used for catalytic coupling (such as CC, CN, CO, CS, CP, CSi and/or CB couplings) using a transition-metal catalysis.

The invention relates to a method for producing a functionalised semiconductor or conductor material from a layered structured base material by electrolytic exfoliation in an electrolysis cell, comprising at least one electrode pair consisting of first and second electrodes, and an aqueous and/or alcoholic electrolyte solution, containing sulphuric acid and/or at least one salt selected from sulphate and/or hydrogen sulphate and/or perchlorate and/or persulphate salt, comprising the steps of: a) bringing the electrodes into contact with the electrolyte solution; b) electronically exfoliating the base material by applying a voltage between the first and the second electrode; c) separating the functionalised conductor or semiconductor material from the electrolyte solution, wherein at least the first of the electrodes of the electrode pair contains the layered, carbon-based base material, the first electrode being connected as an anode, wherein at least one organic compound is added to the electrolyte solution before and/or during and/or immediately after the electrolytic exfoliation, wherein the organic compound is selected from i) anodically oxidisable organic molecules containing at least one alcohol group and/or at least one amino group and/or at least one carboxyl group, and/or ii) organic molecules containing at least one isocyanate group and/or at least one halide group and/or at least one epoxide group and/or at least one diazonium group and/or at least one peroxide group and/or at least one azide group and/or cyclic esters and/or cyclic amides, and/or iii) precursors or monomers of electrically conductive polymers, and/or iv) free-radical polymerisable, water-soluble vinyl monomers which have in their structure at least one amino group and/or at least one anionic functional group.

Methods and systems related to augmenting syngas production using electrolysis are disclosed. A disclosed method includes harvesting a volume of carbon monoxide from a syngas production system operating on a volume of natural gas, supplying the volume of carbon monoxide to a cathode area of an electrolyzer, and generating, using the volume of carbon monoxide and the electrolyzer, a volume of generated chemicals. The volume of generated chemicals is at least one of: a volume of hydrocarbons, a volume of olefins, a volume of organic acids, a volume of alcohols, and a volume of N-rich organic compounds.