A process and related electrode composition are disclosed for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived bio-oil components by the production of hydrogen atoms on a catalyst surface followed by the reaction of the hydrogen atoms with the organic compounds in bio-oil. The catalyst is a metal supported on a monolithic high surface area material such as activated carbon cloth. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation stabilizes the bio-oil under mild conditions to reduce coke formation and catalyst deactivation. The process converts oxygen-containing functionalities and unsaturated bonds into chemically reduced forms with an increased hydrogen content. The process is operated at mild conditions, which enables it to be a good means for stabilizing bio-oil to a form that can be stored and transported using metal containers and pipes.

A process and related electrode composition are disclosed for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived bio-oil components by the production of hydrogen atoms on a catalyst surface followed by the reaction of the hydrogen atoms with the organic compounds in bio-oil. The catalyst is a metal supported on a monolithic high surface area material such as activated carbon cloth. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation stabilizes the bio-oil under mild conditions to reduce coke formation and catalyst deactivation. The process converts oxygen-containing functionalities and unsaturated bonds into chemically reduced forms with an increased hydrogen content. The process is operated at mild conditions, which enables it to be a good means for stabilizing bio-oil to a form that can be stored and transported using metal containers and pipes.

An organic hydride generation system includes an electrolytic bath, a main power supplier, an auxiliary power supplier, a detector to detect a voltage of the electrolytic bath, a potential of an anode electrode, or a potential of a cathode electrode, and a controller to control the supply of power to the electrolytic bath. When it is detected that the voltage or the potential has changed to a specified value during operation stop of the organic hydride generation system in which the power from the main power supplier is not supplied to the electrolytic bath, the controller controls the auxiliary power supplier so as to supply the power to the electrolytic bath.

An organic hydride generation system includes an electrolytic bath, a main power supplier, an auxiliary power supplier, a detector to detect a voltage of the electrolytic bath, a potential of an anode electrode, or a potential of a cathode electrode, and a controller to control the supply of power to the electrolytic bath. When it is detected that the voltage or the potential has changed to a specified value during operation stop of the organic hydride generation system in which the power from the main power supplier is not supplied to the electrolytic bath, the controller controls the auxiliary power supplier so as to supply the power to the electrolytic bath.

Electrosynthesis of oxirane can include contacting a halide electrolyte with an anode that includes an electrocatalyst comprising iridium oxide loaded with a period-6 metal oxide and provided on a metal substrate. The cathode can be operated under ORR conditions. The electrochemical system can also be provided as an integrated system that includes CO.sub.2 electroreduction to produce ethylene and formation of hypochlorous acid using the electrocatalyst, followed by contact of the ethylene and the hypochlorous acid to form ethylene chlorohydrin which is, in turn, contacted with OH.sup.− ions to produce oxirane.

Electrosynthesis of oxirane can include contacting a halide electrolyte with an anode that includes an electrocatalyst comprising iridium oxide loaded with a period-6 metal oxide and provided on a metal substrate. The cathode can be operated under ORR conditions. The electrochemical system can also be provided as an integrated system that includes CO.sub.2 electroreduction to produce ethylene and formation of hypochlorous acid using the electrocatalyst, followed by contact of the ethylene and the hypochlorous acid to form ethylene chlorohydrin which is, in turn, contacted with OH.sup.− ions to produce oxirane.

A flow-through electrolysis cell includes a hierarchical nanoporous metal cathode. A method of reducing CO.sub.2 includes flowing the CO.sub.2 through the hierarchical nanoporous metal cathode of the flow-through electrolysis cell.

A flow-through electrolysis cell includes a hierarchical nanoporous metal cathode. A method of reducing CO.sub.2 includes flowing the CO.sub.2 through the hierarchical nanoporous metal cathode of the flow-through electrolysis cell.

This invention relates to a process for the electrochemical synthesis of green urea, and the urea produced thereby. The electrochemical synthesis of urea involves the reduction of dual purging gases N.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 via six electron transfer process (N.sub.2+CO.sub.2+6H.sup.++6e.sup.−.fwdarw.CO (NH.sub.2).sub.2+H.sub.2O) & reduction of the NO.sub.3.sup.− ions and CO.sub.2 via sixteen electron transfer process (2NO.sub.3.sup.−+CO.sub.2+18H.sup.++16e.sup.−.fwdarw.CO(NH.sub.2).sub.2+7H.sub.2O) under ambient condition using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) catalyst. The binding of two intermediate products during dual reduction simultaneously, leads to the production of urea in water medium under ambient conditions.

This invention relates to a process for the electrochemical synthesis of green urea, and the urea produced thereby. The electrochemical synthesis of urea involves the reduction of dual purging gases N.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 via six electron transfer process (N.sub.2+CO.sub.2+6H.sup.++6e.sup.−.fwdarw.CO (NH.sub.2).sub.2+H.sub.2O) & reduction of the NO.sub.3.sup.− ions and CO.sub.2 via sixteen electron transfer process (2NO.sub.3.sup.−+CO.sub.2+18H.sup.++16e.sup.−.fwdarw.CO(NH.sub.2).sub.2+7H.sub.2O) under ambient condition using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) catalyst. The binding of two intermediate products during dual reduction simultaneously, leads to the production of urea in water medium under ambient conditions.