An industrial process is conducted within a sealed chamber filled with dimethylformamide (DMF) saturated with CO.sub.2 under pressure which provides the carbon atoms for manufacturing graphene. A copper wire comprising an anode is reeled between two spaced reels on opposite sides of the sealed chamber, preferably above and below a container within the chamber. Electrical voltage is supplied to a graphite and Galinstan-Cerium electrode which acts as a cathode and during the process a chemical reaction is induced between the Galinstan-Cerium electrode and the CO.sub.2 saturated DMF liquid so that graphene is deposited on the copper wire which acts as an anode.

An apparatus having an air pump configured to take in ambient air and discharge it via an air-pump air-outlet port; the air-pump air-outlet port configured to introduce air into an ambient-air conduit that has a first end and a second end; the ambient-air-conduit first end being fixedly attached to the air-pump air-outlet port; the ambient-air-conduit second end configured to directly or indirectly introduce ambient air into a distribution manifold that has a plurality of distribution-manifold air-outlet ports; at least one metallic ambient-air conduit having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is fixedly attached to and configured to receive ambient air from a distribution-manifold air-outlet port; the metallic-ambient-air-conduit second end configured to introduce ambient air into an electrified liquid-phase composition having gallium and silver components that reside in a reaction chamber; the reaction chamber being at least partially submerged in an ultrasonic bath that introduces ultrasonic radiation into the reaction chamber; the at least one metallic ambient-air conduit further configured to receive and pass an electrical current into the electrified liquid-phase composition having gallium and silver components; and a conveyor element configured to convey solid-phase carbon-containing reaction products that are received from within the reaction chamber.

An apparatus having an air pump configured to take in ambient air and discharge it via an air-pump air-outlet port; the air-pump air-outlet port configured to introduce air into an ambient-air conduit that has a first end and a second end; the ambient-air-conduit first end being fixedly attached to the air-pump air-outlet port; the ambient-air-conduit second end configured to directly or indirectly introduce ambient air into a distribution manifold that has a plurality of distribution-manifold air-outlet ports; at least one metallic ambient-air conduit having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is fixedly attached to and configured to receive ambient air from a distribution-manifold air-outlet port; the metallic-ambient-air-conduit second end configured to introduce ambient air into an electrified liquid-phase composition having gallium and silver components that reside in a reaction chamber; the reaction chamber being at least partially submerged in an ultrasonic bath that introduces ultrasonic radiation into the reaction chamber; the at least one metallic ambient-air conduit further configured to receive and pass an electrical current into the electrified liquid-phase composition having gallium and silver components; and a conveyor element configured to convey solid-phase carbon-containing reaction products that are received from within the reaction chamber.

A process for producing solid carbon and gaseous oxygen from CO.sub.2 via electrolysis using an electrolysis apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a chamber with an electrolyte inlet, an electrolyte outlet, a liquid electrolyte containing CO.sub.2 in the chamber, at least one cathode-anode pair, with the cathode including a liquid metal capable of catalysing reduction of CO.sub.2 to solid carbon at a selected operating temperature of the process. The process includes causing the electrolyte to flow from the inlet to the outlet in fluid communication with the cathode-anode pair, applying a voltage between the cathode-anode pair and causing solid carbon to form on the cathode from CO.sub.2 in the electrolyte and gaseous oxygen to be evolved at the anode from CO.sub.2 in the electrolyte.

This disclosure relates to systems and methods for creating and using separators, containing boron species, that are used in electrolyzers. A disclosed separator for an electrolyzer cell includes a porous substrate having pores which provide a fluid path through the porous substrate from a first side of the porous substrate to an opposite side of the porous substrate, which is formed of one or more hydrophobic polymers or copolymers, and a coating that coats the pores of the porous substrate while maintaining the fluid path, where the coating is formed of an alcohol-containing polymer reacted with a boron-containing species.

This disclosure relates to systems and methods for creating and using separators, containing boron species, that are used in electrolyzers. A disclosed separator for an electrolyzer cell includes a porous substrate having pores which provide a fluid path through the porous substrate from a first side of the porous substrate to an opposite side of the porous substrate, which is formed of one or more hydrophobic polymers or copolymers, and a coating that coats the pores of the porous substrate while maintaining the fluid path, where the coating is formed of an alcohol-containing polymer reacted with a boron-containing species.

A method and system for producing and collecting oxygen gas using molten oxide electrolysis is presented. The system includes a refractory vessel to hold molten oxide material, an anode and cathode, and a collection space at a top portion of the refractory vessel for collecting oxygen gas that is produced at the anode. The anode is configured to include apertures or openings that increase the surface area of the anode to allow for increased production of oxygen gas bubbles during electrolysis. The openings also allow for an increased opportunity for oxygen gas bubbles to ascend directly to the surface, compared to an anode with no such openings, for oxygen gas collection. The system also includes a space at the top of the vessel, above the molten oxide material, configured to collect oxygen from the oxygen gas bubbles that ascend through the molten oxide material from the openings in the anode.

A method and system for producing and collecting oxygen gas using molten oxide electrolysis is presented. The system includes a refractory vessel to hold molten oxide material, an anode and cathode, and a collection space at a top portion of the refractory vessel for collecting oxygen gas that is produced at the anode. The anode is configured to include apertures or openings that increase the surface area of the anode to allow for increased production of oxygen gas bubbles during electrolysis. The openings also allow for an increased opportunity for oxygen gas bubbles to ascend directly to the surface, compared to an anode with no such openings, for oxygen gas collection. The system also includes a space at the top of the vessel, above the molten oxide material, configured to collect oxygen from the oxygen gas bubbles that ascend through the molten oxide material from the openings in the anode.

Herein discussed is an electrochemical reactor comprising a first electrode, wherein the first electrode is liquid when the reactor is in operation; a second electrode having a metallic phase and a ceramic phase, wherein the metallic phase is electronically conductive and wherein the ceramic phase is ionically conductive; and a membrane, wherein the membrane is positioned between the first and second electrodes and is in contact with the first and second electrodes, wherein the membrane is mixed conducting. Also discussed herein is a method of producing hydrogen or carbon monoxide comprising: (a) providing an electrochemical reactor having an anode, a cathode, and a membrane between the anode and the cathode, wherein the anode is liquid when the reactor is in operation and wherein the membrane is mixed conducting; (b) introducing a feedstock to the anode; (c) introducing a stream to the cathode, wherein the stream comprises water or carbon dioxide.

Herein discussed is an electrochemical reactor comprising a first electrode, wherein the first electrode is liquid when the reactor is in operation; a second electrode having a metallic phase and a ceramic phase, wherein the metallic phase is electronically conductive and wherein the ceramic phase is ionically conductive; and a membrane, wherein the membrane is positioned between the first and second electrodes and is in contact with the first and second electrodes, wherein the membrane is mixed conducting. Also discussed herein is a method of producing hydrogen or carbon monoxide comprising: (a) providing an electrochemical reactor having an anode, a cathode, and a membrane between the anode and the cathode, wherein the anode is liquid when the reactor is in operation and wherein the membrane is mixed conducting; (b) introducing a feedstock to the anode; (c) introducing a stream to the cathode, wherein the stream comprises water or carbon dioxide.