A bipolar membrane comprising a first member comprising at least one anion exchange material; a second member comprising at least one cation exchange material, wherein the first member and the second member together form an interface junction; and disposed within the interface junction a solitary layer comprising a composite water dissociation catalyst or a composite water recombination catalyst.

An anion exchange membrane includes a porous structural framework and bismuth atoms bonded to pore surfaces of the porous structural framework. Each bismuth atom is bonded to a pore surface by way of one or two oxygen atoms.

An anion exchange membrane includes a porous structural framework and bismuth atoms bonded to pore surfaces of the porous structural framework. Each bismuth atom is bonded to a pore surface by way of one or two oxygen atoms.

The anode-side separator of the present disclosure is an anode-side separator used in a water electrolyzer, and includes a metal substrate made of titanium or stainless steel, and a conductive oxide film containing indium-tin-oxide (ITO) provided on the surface of the metal substrate.

The anode-side separator of the present disclosure is an anode-side separator used in a water electrolyzer, and includes a metal substrate made of titanium or stainless steel, and a conductive oxide film containing indium-tin-oxide (ITO) provided on the surface of the metal substrate.

An electrolytic reactor comprises at least one electrolytic cell with an anode compartment and a cathode compartment separated by a separator, in particular a semipermeable membrane. The anode compartment comprises an inlet and an outlet for anolyte at opposed ends, said inlet and outlet being connected with each other via an anolyte circulation pipe equipped with a storage means for anolyte, an anolyte vessel and at least one adsorption filter for adsorbing molecular impurities. When molecular impurities comes from the cathode compartment through the separator, the electrolytic reactor acts also as a cleaning device for the catholyte.

An electrolytic reactor comprises at least one electrolytic cell with an anode compartment and a cathode compartment separated by a separator, in particular a semipermeable membrane. The anode compartment comprises an inlet and an outlet for anolyte at opposed ends, said inlet and outlet being connected with each other via an anolyte circulation pipe equipped with a storage means for anolyte, an anolyte vessel and at least one adsorption filter for adsorbing molecular impurities. When molecular impurities comes from the cathode compartment through the separator, the electrolytic reactor acts also as a cleaning device for the catholyte.

A porous titanium sheet configured to function as an anode side gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is formed by a powder technique, such as tape casting or powder metallurgy.

A porous titanium sheet configured to function as an anode side gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is formed by a powder technique, such as tape casting or powder metallurgy.

An electrochemical reactor comprising an electrolyte compartment wherein at least one of the side walls of the electrolyte compartment is an electrode and an opposite side wall comprises a separator element. Further there is a plurality of electrically conductive granules forming a working electrode for a electrochemical main reaction in the electrolyte compartment and enclosed in the electrolyte compartment. The granules comprise a first material exhibiting at least a first activation overpotential for an electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element. The electrochemical reactor comprises a spacer element for maintaining the granules at least at a distance d from the separator element on the electrolyte-facing side of the separator element. The spacer element is electrically conductive and comprises a second material exhibiting a second activation overpotential for the electrochemical side reaction within a distance d from the separator element and is larger than the first activation overpotential.