Disclosed herein is an improved method of brine water treatment including the removal of calcium and/or magnesium-based hardness utilizing CO.sub.2 mineralization resulting in permanent sequestration of the CO.sub.2 via stable precipitates in conjunction with hydrogen and chlorine production from the electrolysis of brine water.

A system of utilizing carbon dioxide comprises a carbon dioxide capturing device for capturing carbon dioxide, an electrochemical reaction device for producing synthetic gas by reducing the carbon dioxide captured by the carbon dioxide capturing device, a hydrogen carrier manufacturing device for manufacturing a hydrogen carrier material by using the synthetic gas produced by the electrochemical reaction device, a dehydrogenation device for producing hydrogen from the hydrogen carrier material manufactured by the hydrogen carrier manufacturing device, and a hydrogen utilization device for utilizing hydrogen produced by the dehydrogenation device, wherein the dehydrogenation device further produces carbon dioxide from the hydrogen carrier material and supplies the carbon dioxide to the carbon dioxide capturing device.

A system and method for producing methanol via dry reforming and methanol synthesis in the same vessel, including converting methane and carbon dioxide in the vessel into syngas including hydrogen and carbon monoxide via dry reforming in the vessel, cooling the syngas via a heat exchanger in the vessel, and synthesizing methanol from the syngas in the vessel.

Techniques according to the present disclosure include capturing carbon dioxide from a dilute gas source with a CO.sub.2 capture solution to form a carbonate-rich capture solution; separating at least a portion of carbonate from the carbonate-rich capture solution; forming an electrodialysis (ED) feed solution; flowing a water stream and the ED feed solution to a bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPMED) unit; applying an electric potential to the BPMED unit to form at least two ED product streams including a first ED product stream including a hydroxide; and flowing the first ED product stream to use in the capturing the carbon dioxide from the dilute gas source with the CO.sub.2 capture solution.

A method of producing a gas mixture, said method comprising the steps of: a) subjecting water to electrolysis to obtain a hydrogen gas stream and an oxygen gas stream; b) reacting the hydrogen gas stream with solid carbon to obtain a stream comprising hydrocarbon gas, such as methane gas; and c) mixing the oxygen gas stream with the stream comprising hydrocarbon gas.

Herein discussed is a hydrogen production system comprising: a catalytic partial oxidation (CPDX) reactor; a steam generator; and an electrochemical (EC) reactor; wherein the CPDX reactor product stream is introduced into the EC reactor and the steam generator provides steam to the EC reactor; and wherein the product stream and the steam do not come in contact with each other in the EC reactor. In an embodiment, the EC reactor generates a first product stream comprising CO and CO.sub.2 and a second product stream comprising H.sub.2 and H.sub.2O, wherein the two product streams do not come in contact with each other.

Systems and methods for use in extracting oil from solid plant-based materials are described. The systems and methods use an electrolyzed carrier fluid made from a hydroxide brine for contacting with plant-based material to thereby separate oil from solid plant particulate. The electrolyzed carrier fluid can have a reductive oxidation-reduction-potential (ORP) of −700 mV or more, such as in the range of from about −900 mV to about −1000 mV.

A process for the production of direct reduced iron (DRI), with or without carbon, using hydrogen, where the hydrogen is produced utilizing water generated internally from the process. The process is characterized by containing either one or two gas loops, one for affecting the reduction of the oxide and another for affecting the carburization of the DRI. The primary loop responsible for reduction recirculates used gas from the shaft furnace in a loop including a dry dedusting step, an oxygen removal step to generate the hydrogen, and a connection to the shaft furnace for reduction. In the absence of a second loop, this loop, in conjunction with natural gas addition, can be used to deposit carbon. A secondary carburizing loop installed downstream of the shaft furnace can more finely control carbon addition. This loop includes a reactor vessel, a dedusting step, and a gas separation unit.

Embodiments of the present invention relates to two improved catalysts and associated processes that directly converts carbon dioxide and hydrogen to liquid fuels. The catalytic converter is comprised of two catalysts in series that are operated at the same pressures to directly produce synthetic liquid fuels or synthetic natural gas. The carbon conversion efficiency for CO.sub.2 to liquid fuels is greater than 45%. The fuel is distilled into a premium diesel fuels (approximately 70 volume %) and naphtha (approximately 30 volume %) which are used directly as “drop-in” fuels without requiring any further processing. Any light hydrocarbons that are present with the carbon dioxide are also converted directly to fuels. This process is directly applicable to the conversion of CO.sub.2 collected from ethanol plants, cement plants, power plants, biogas, carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon mixtures from secondary oil recovery, and other carbon dioxide/hydrocarbon streams. The catalyst system is durable, efficient and maintains a relatively constant level of fuel productivity over long periods of time without requiring re-activation or replacement.

A plugin modular, transportable ammonia producing machine is developed that can conveniently produce ammonia from electricity, air and water. The invention includes ammonia synthesis through a plugin modular device. FIG. 5 depicts the overall process flow of the system. Water at state 1 enters the system at room temperature in the water storage tank. Next, at state 2, the water in the storage tank is sent to the circulation pump that delivers water to the air compressor. This is done for two main purposes. Firstly, the circulating water cools the compressor during operation. Secondly, as the circulating water rises in temperature while leaving the air compressor, its temperature increases. This results in an increased inlet water temperature to the proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser that leads to higher water electrolysis performance.