Electrochemically aligned and compacted molecules, nanoparticles and microparticles with ampholytic nature, such as collagen, elastin, keratin and charged nanoparticle materials, methods of making and using the materials and associated production-related devices. In one embodiment, a device for producing continuous electrochemically aligned strands, threads or fibers is disclosed. In a further embodiment, fabrication of compositionally and geometrically complex anatomical forms by 3D-electrochemical compaction of biomolecules is disclosed. In yet another embodiment, methods for fabricating patterned lattice structures, in particular having controlled pore size and morphology, and the lattice structures themselves are also disclosed.

Electrochemically aligned and compacted molecules, nanoparticles and microparticles with ampholytic nature, such as collagen, elastin, keratin and charged nanoparticle materials, methods of making and using the materials and associated production-related devices. In one embodiment, a device for producing continuous electrochemically aligned strands, threads or fibers is disclosed. In a further embodiment, fabrication of compositionally and geometrically complex anatomical forms by 3D-electrochemical compaction of biomolecules is disclosed. In yet another embodiment, methods for fabricating patterned lattice structures, in particular having controlled pore size and morphology, and the lattice structures themselves are also disclosed.

An object of the present invention is to provide a novel conductive film-forming bath comprising an alkaline aqueous solution that can be used to form a film by electroplating on a non-conductive plastic material, the conductive film-forming bath being capable of forming a film by electroplating that has an excellent appearance and that does not suffer from reduced adhesiveness with respect to a non-conductive plastic material. The present invention relates to a conductive film-forming bath comprising an aqueous solution containing a copper compound, a complexing agent, an alkali metal hydroxide, and a water-soluble polymer having a polyoxyalkylene structure.

A method of system of forming a biopolymer hydrogel structure includes a mold loaded with a cation. At least a portion of the surface of the mold is exposed to a solution comprising a gellable polymer such as alginate. An electric potential is applied to the mold so that the cation therein and the gellable polymer migrate via electrophoresis toward the surface portion, thereby interacting and forming a hydrogel structure adjacent to the surface portion.

A method of system of forming a biopolymer hydrogel structure includes a mold loaded with a cation. At least a portion of the surface of the mold is exposed to a solution comprising a gellable polymer such as alginate. An electric potential is applied to the mold so that the cation therein and the gellable polymer migrate via electrophoresis toward the surface portion, thereby interacting and forming a hydrogel structure adjacent to the surface portion.