The coating film formed on an automobile body has softness during a film formation even on a thermally expandable/shrinkable base, and the cured film has an excellent appearance. Provided is a method for forming a multilayer coating film, the method comprises: applying an aqueous intermediate coating composition and preheating the applied composition at 60 to 90 C. to form an uncured film; preheating to form an uncured base coating film and a clear coating film; and baking and curing these uncured films to form a multilayer coating film, wherein the aqueous intermediate coating composition comprises (a) an acrylic resin emulsion having a specific properties, and (b) a film formation auxiliary agent that is a fatty acid diester compound having a boiling point of 280 C. to 350 C., and a cured film comprising (a) and (b) at a mass ratio of 3:1 has a rupture elongation of 1% or more.

A steel sheet for cans has, on the surface thereof, in order from the steel sheet side, a chromium metal layer and a hydrous chromium oxide layer. The chromium metal layer is deposited in an amount of 65-200 mg/m.sup.2, and the hydrous chromium oxide layer is deposited in an amount of 3-15 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of chromium. The chromium metal layer includes: a flat chromium metal layer that has a thickness of at least 7 nm; and a granular chromium metal layer that includes granular protrusions that are formed on the surface of the flat chromium metal layer. The maximum grain size of the granular protrusions is 100 nm or smaller. The number density of the granular protrusions per unit area is 10/m.sup.2 or higher.

A steel sheet for cans has, on the surface thereof, in order from the steel sheet side, a chromium metal layer and a hydrous chromium oxide layer. The chromium metal layer is deposited in an amount of 65-200 mg/m.sup.2, and the hydrous chromium oxide layer is deposited in an amount of 3-15 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of chromium. The chromium metal layer includes: a flat chromium metal layer that has a thickness of at least 7 nm; and a granular chromium metal layer that includes granular protrusions that are formed on the surface of the flat chromium metal layer. The maximum grain size of the granular protrusions is 100 nm or smaller. The number density of the granular protrusions per unit area is 10/m.sup.2 or higher.

The present invention relates to a process for electroplating an adhesive composition onto at least one conductive element, in which the conductive element is placed in contact with the adhesive composition comprising: a phosphate salt and a resin based on: a compound A1, compound A1 being chosen from a compound A11 comprising at least two functions, one of these functions being a hydroxymethyl function and the other being an aldehyde function or a hydroxymethyl function, or a compound A12 comprising at least one aldehyde function, or a mixture of a compound A11 and of a compound A12; and a phenol A21. A potential difference is applied between the conductive element and the adhesive composition to coat the conductive element with an adhesive layer.

The present invention relates to a process for electroplating an adhesive composition onto at least one conductive element, in which the conductive element is placed in contact with the adhesive composition comprising: a phosphate salt and a resin based on: a compound A1, compound A1 being chosen from a compound A11 comprising at least two functions, one of these functions being a hydroxymethyl function and the other being an aldehyde function or a hydroxymethyl function, or a compound A12 comprising at least one aldehyde function, or a mixture of a compound A11 and of a compound A12; and a phenol A21. A potential difference is applied between the conductive element and the adhesive composition to coat the conductive element with an adhesive layer.

The present invention is directed to an electrodepositable coating composition comprising a main vehicle comprising a phosphatized epoxy resin, a plasticizer, and a curing agent, wherein the main vehicle comprises a low-VOC main vehicle. The present invention is also directed to coatings and coated substrates.

Systems and methods are provided for coating interior surfaces of products with coating material. The systems and methods can include at least one plug to selectively close an opening of the product, wherein the plug is movable relative to the opening between a first position in which the plug is retracted from the opening and a second position in which the plug is engaged with the opening to seal the opening. When the plug is in the second position, a pump delivers coating material to the cavity of the product via a fluid line and a port in the plug. The coating material can fill the cavity, and an electrode can be energized to coat the interior surface of the product with an electrophoretic deposition process. Other coating processes can also be used in a similar manner.

Systems and methods are provided for coating interior surfaces of products with coating material. The systems and methods can include at least one plug to selectively close an opening of the product, wherein the plug is movable relative to the opening between a first position in which the plug is retracted from the opening and a second position in which the plug is engaged with the opening to seal the opening. When the plug is in the second position, a pump delivers coating material to the cavity of the product via a fluid line and a port in the plug. The coating material can fill the cavity, and an electrode can be energized to coat the interior surface of the product with an electrophoretic deposition process. Other coating processes can also be used in a similar manner.

This flat conductive plate provided with an insulating film includes a flat conductive plate which is a punched product, and an insulating film which coats at least a part of the flat conductive plate, the insulating film is an electrodeposited film, the insulating film includes a polyamide-imide resin and a fluorine-based resin, an amount of the fluorine-based resin with respect to a total amount of the polyamide-imide resin and the fluorine-based resin is in a range of 72% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, a relative permittivity at 25? C. is in a range of 2.2 or more and 2.8 or less, and an average film thickness is in a range of 5 ?m or more and 100 ?m or less.

This flat conductive plate provided with an insulating film includes a flat conductive plate which is a punched product, and an insulating film which coats at least a part of the flat conductive plate, the insulating film is an electrodeposited film, the insulating film includes a polyamide-imide resin and a fluorine-based resin, an amount of the fluorine-based resin with respect to a total amount of the polyamide-imide resin and the fluorine-based resin is in a range of 72% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, a relative permittivity at 25? C. is in a range of 2.2 or more and 2.8 or less, and an average film thickness is in a range of 5 ?m or more and 100 ?m or less.