A method of producing a canned hydrogen infused beverage having the steps of: providing a can; introducing a solid that includes Magnesium metal into the can; filling the can with a carbonated liquid having water; generating molecular hydrogen from the reaction of the solid and the water; generating Magnesium Bicarbonate from the reaction of the solid and the carbonated liquid and sealing the can. A beverage in a can formed through disclosed processes is likewise disclosed.

Plasmonically-enhanced catalytic surfaces and accompanying optics are described herein. These elements facilitate efficient coupling of light energy into a photocatalytic system by way of a surface plasmon. Various compatible optical configurations are presented, with an emphasis on the broadband coupling of light into a single plasmon mode. In an example embodiment, dispersive optics are used to direct polychromatic light onto a grating-embossed SPR-active surface. Dispersive optics allow resonance to be achieved at a wide range of incident wavelengths. Energy then transfers from the excited plasmon to an adjacent photocatalyst. The plasmon mode thus acts as a “funnel” of broadband light energy to the catalytic materials. High-efficiency incoupling and outcoupling from the plasmon mode suggest overall enhancement of catalytic activity, and broad applicability is anticipated due to the inherent flexibility of the system. The catalytic surfaces and optical components can be fabricated as sheets or 3D arrays, justifying industrial-scale manufacturing.

A method of synthesizing TiO.sub.2/Co.sub.3O.sub.4 core-shell photocatalysts is provided. The method includes preparing SiO.sub.2 hollow nanospheres via sol-gel synthesis in the presence of a triblock copolymer surfactant and a cationic surfactant; adding titanium sec-butoxide to a solution containing the SiO.sub.2 hollow nanospheres to provide a first combined sample; calcinating the first combined sample to provide hollow mesoporous TiO.sub.2 nanospheres; adding cobalt nitrate to a solution comprising the hollow mesoporous TiO.sub.2 nanospheres to provide a second combined sample; and calcinating the second combined sample to provide TiO.sub.2/Co.sub.3O.sub.4 core-shell photocatalysts. Methods of producing hydrogen by water-splitting using TiO.sub.2/Co.sub.3O.sub.4 core-shell photocatalysts are also provided. Such methods include photodepositing platinum onto the photocatalysts during the reaction.

The subject invention pertains to the synthesis and characterization of V.sub.2O.sub.5/CdE NW/QD heterostructures. The V.sub.2O.sub.5/CdE heterostructures are versatile new materials constructs for light harvesting, charge separation, and the photocatalytic production of solar fuels; polymorphism of V.sub.2O.sub.5 and compositional alloying of both components provides for a substantial design space for tuning of interfacial energy offsets. Also provided are a new class of type-II heterostructures composed of cadmium chalcogenide QDs (CdE where E=S, Se, or Te) and -V.sub.2O.sub.5 nanowires (NWs). The synthesis and characterization of V.sub.2O.sub.5/CdE NW/QD heterostructures, prepared via successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) and linker-assisted assembly (LAA), the characterization of their photoinduced charge-transfer reactivity using transient absorption spectroscopy, and their performance in the photocatalytic reduction of protons to hydrogen are also disclosed.

A layered niobate which is used as a photocatalyst. The layered niobate has the formula [H.sub.aA.sub.b].sup.+[Sr.sub.2Nb.sub.3O.sub.10].sup.. [Sr.sub.2Nb.sub.3O.sub.10].sup. forms main layers. [H.sub.aA.sub.b].sup.+ forms interlayers, wherein H includes H.sup.+ and H.sub.3O.sup.+, A is K.sup.+, Cs.sup.+ and Rb.sup.+, 0.6a1, 0b0.4, and a+b=1. The layered niobate has different spacings between the main layers.

A radiolytic electrochemical system that comprises a cathode, an anode that comprises a semiconductor, an aqueous electrolyte solution disposed between the cathode and anode, and ionizing radiation, wherein the ionizing radiation splits water molecules via radiolysis and forms solvated free radicals that migrate to the anode or cathode, depending upon a radical's charge, and participate in redox reactions at the anode and cathode thereby producing electrical current capable of performing work when the anode and cathode are electrically connected.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to methods, processes, and systems for safely and reliably purifying hydrogen from a gas mixture containing hydrogen and oxygen.

A method of operating an internal combustion engine having at least one combustion chamber and an actuator disposed therein being arranged to drive an output shaft of the engine, the method comprising: 5 (i) injecting a water containing fuel into the combustion chamber, (ii) flash boiling the water-containing fuel to form water vapour within the combustion chamber, (iii) thermolyzing the water vapour to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas; and (iv) combusting the hydrogen gas to drive the actuator within the combustion chamber to 10 thereby drive the connected output shaft of the combustion engine.

Sulfur copolymers having high sulfur content for use as raw materials in 3D printing. The sulfur copolymers are prepared by melting and copolymerizing one or more comonomers with cyclic selenium sulfide, elemental sulfur, elemental selenium, or a combination thereof. Optical substrates, such as films and lenses, are constructed from the sulfur copolymer via 3D printing and are substantially transparent in the visible and infrared spectrum. The optical substrates can have refractive indices of about 1.75-2.6 at a wavelength in a range of about 500 nm to about 8 m.

A petroleum reservoir is treated with heat to induce gasification, water-gas shift, and/or aquathermolysis reactions to generate synthesis gas comprising hydrogen gas. The synthesis gas is produced to the surface using one or more production wells.