Disclosed is a system for producing hydrogen from a byproduct gas generated during a steelmaking process or a coal chemistry process, including a reformer for reforming the byproduct gas using steam (H.sub.2O), a separator for separating a reformed gas supplied from the reformer into a reduction gas and hydrogen gas (H.sub.2), a first reactor for reducing ferric oxide (Fe.sub.2O.sub.3) into ferrous oxide (FeO) using the reduction gas supplied from the separator, and a second reactor for producing ferrous-ferric oxide (Fe.sub.3O.sub.4) and hydrogen gas (H.sub.2) by mixing the ferrous oxide (FeO) supplied from the first reactor with steam (H.sub.2O), wherein the concentration of hydrogen gas (H.sub.2) in the reformed gas discharged from the reformer is higher than the concentration of hydrogen gas (H.sub.2) in the byproduct gas.

A method for the production of hydrocarbon(s), such as methane, substituted hydrocarbons, such as methanol, or the production of hydrogen, the method comprising the steps of contacting a first catalyst with water in order to photocatalyse the splitting of at least some of the water into hydrogen and oxygen; and contacting a second catalyst with a gas stream comprising carbon dioxide and at least some of the hydrogen produced from step (a) in order to photocatalyse the reaction between the hydrogen and carbon dioxide to produce hydrocarbon(s), such as methane, and/or substituted hydrocarbons, such as methanol. In an embodiment, the catalyst comprises gold and or ruthenium nanoclusters supported on a substrate.

Chemical looping reform methods comprising heating an oxygen carrier in the presence of a catalyst and plasma radicals to react the oxygen carrier with a fuel to provide a reduced oxygen carrier; and contacting the reduced oxygen carrier with water or carbon dioxide to produce hydrogen or carbon monoxide, respectively, and regenerate the oxygen carrier. The chemical looping reform methods are carried out at low temperatures such as from 150 C. to 1000 C., preferably from 150 C. to 500 C. Catalyst used in the chemical looping reform methods include a sintered rare earth metal oxide oxygen carrier and perovskite. Methods of preparing the catalyst are also provided.

The invention relates to CeO.sub.2 and La.sub.2O.sub.3 for catalyzing Fe.sub.2O.sub.3Al.sub.2O.sub.3 based chemical-looping reforming of CH.sub.4 with CO.sub.2 (CL-DRM). The reaction performance of all the composite oxygen carriers was evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure condition. The influencing factors, including temperature and time-on-stream (TOS) were investigated. The characteristics of the oxygen carriers were checked with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The reducibility of the composite materials was elucidated with temperature-programmed reduction by CH.sub.4 (CH.sub.4-TPR). Preliminary experimental observations suggest that the simultaneous presence of CeO.sub.2 and La.sub.2O.sub.3 can not only enhance the reactivity of Fe.sub.2O.sub.3Al.sub.2O.sub.3 toward CH.sub.4 oxidation and its oxygen releasing rate for fast reaction kinetics, but also improve the reactivity of its reduced form toward CO.sub.2 splitting.

The application relates to a method for preparing magnetite, comprising steps of:

a) reaction at a temperature of 100 to 500 C. of a material containing wstite with water, in order to obtain a solid comprising magnetite, and then
b) recovery of the magnetite in the form of particles wherein more than 25% by weight are of nanometric size.

A system includes a reactor configured for catalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen and byproduct solids via contact of water and aluminum in the presence of a catalyst comprising a metal, a metal hydroxide, a metal oxide, or a combination thereof, wherein the reactor comprises one or more inlets whereby water, aluminum, the catalyst, or a combination thereof are introduced to a reaction chamber of the reactor, an outlet for hydrogen, and an outlet for a slurry comprising water, catalyst, and solids comprising aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, or a combination thereof, a solid/liquid separation apparatus configured to separate the solids from the slurry to provide a solids-reduced slurry, and oilfield equipment. The oilfield equipment is operable via the hydrogen as fuel and/or via electricity produced from the hydrogen.

A member for hydrogen production includes a ceramic composite in which a plurality of ceramic particles having an average particle diameter ranging from 5 nm to 200 nm are dispersed in a porous insulator having a different component from the ceramic particles. The ceramic particles comprise at least one substance selected from the group consisting of AXO.sub.3 (where 01, A: at least one of rare earth elements, alkaline earth elements, and alkali metal elements, X: at least one of transition metal elements and metalloid elements, and O: oxygen), cerium oxide, and zirconium oxide as a main component.

A light absorbing member includes a ceramic composite having a plurality of first ceramic particles exhibiting positive resistance temperature characteristics in a first ceramics having an open porosity of 5% or lower.

Systems and methods for sequestering carbon, evolving hydrogen gas, producing iron oxide as magnetite, and producing magnesium carbonate as magnesite through sequential carbonation and serpentinization/hydration reactions involving processed olivine- and/or pyroxene-rich ores, as typically found in mafic and ultramafic igneous rock. Precious or scarce metals, such nickel, cobalt, chromium, rare earth elements, and others, may be concentrated in the remaining ore to facilitate their recovery from any gangue material.

The present invention relates to a device for producing compressed hydrogen, comprising a pressure-resistant reactor (1) with a reactor chamber having a metal-containing contact mass (2), wherein the reactor (1) comprises at least one feed line (3) for feeding fluids into the reactor chamber and at least one discharge line (4) for discharging fluids from the reactor chamber, wherein the at least one discharge line is provided with a device (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d) for controlling or regulating the flow rate, preferably having a valve, for adjusting the pressure within the reactor chamber, wherein a conveyance means is provided on at least one feed line for introducing a water-containing medium into the reactor chamber and wherein at least one discharge line (4) protrudes into the reactor chamber or opens directly into the reactor chamber, through which the compressed hydrogen is discharged from the reactor chamber, wherein the reactor chamber exhibits at least two areas that are separate from each other and connected in a gas-conducting manner, of which at least one area comprises the metal-containing contacting mass (2) and at least one additional area comprises at least one inert material (7, 13).