InGaN offers a route to high efficiency overall water splitting under one-step photo-excitation. Further, the chemical stability of metal-nitrides supports their use as an alternative photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of overall water splitting using InGaN and other visible light responsive photocatalysts has remained extremely low despite prior art work addressing optical absorption through band gap engineering. Within this prior art the detrimental effects of unbalanced charge carrier extraction/collection on the efficiency of the four electron-hole water splitting reaction have remained largely unaddressed. To address this growth processes are presented that allow for controlled adjustment and establishment of the appropriate Fermi level and/or band bending in order to allow the photochemical water splitting to proceed at high rate and high efficiency. Beneficially, establishing such material surface charge properties also reduces photo-corrosion and instability under harsh photocatalysis conditions.

The present invention relates to a process for conducting endothermic gas phase or gas-solid reactions, wherein the endothermic reaction is conducted in a production phase in a first reactor zone, the production zone, which is at least partly filled with solid particles, where the solid particles are in the form of a fixed bed, of a moving bed and in sections/or in the form of a fluidized bed, and the product-containing gas stream is drawn off from the production zone in the region of the highest temperature level plus/minus 200 K and the product-containing gas stream is guided through a second reactor zone, the heat recycling zone, which at least partly comprises a fixed bed, where the heat from the product-containing gas stream is stored in the fixed bed, and, in the subsequent purge step, a purge gas is guided through the production zone and the heat recycling zone in the same flow direction, and, in a heating zone disposed between the production zone and the heat recycling zone, the heat required for the endothermic reaction is introduced into the product-containing gas stream and into the purge stream or into the purge stream, and then, in a regeneration phase, a gas is passed through the two reactor zones in the reverse flow direction and the production zone is heated up; the present invention further relates to a structured reactor comprising three zones, a production zone containing solid particles, a heating zone and a heat recycling zone containing a fixed bed, wherein the solid particles and the fixed bed consist of different materials.

The present invention discloses a synthetic ammonia system for making hydrogen by electrolysis in a thermal power plant includes an electrolytic hydrogen making device and a synthetic ammonia equipment; a power input end of the electrolytic hydrogen making device is electrically connected with a power generation output end of the thermal power plant; a hydrogen output end of the electrolysis hydrogen making device is connected with a hydrogen inlet of the synthetic ammonia equipment, a nitrogen inlet of the synthetic ammonia equipment is connected with a nitrogen source, the synthetic ammonia equipment is used for using the hydrogen produced by the electrolysis hydrogen making device and nitrogen of the nitrogen source to synthesize ammonia; an ammonia output end of the synthetic ammonia equipment is communicated to an ammonia supply pipeline and/or a liquid ammonia tank of the thermal power plant.

A radiolytic electrochemical system that comprises a cathode, an anode that comprises a semiconductor, an aqueous electrolyte solution disposed between the cathode and anode, and ionizing radiation, wherein the ionizing radiation splits water molecules and forms solvated free radicals that migrate to the anode or cathode, depending upon a radical's charge, and participate in redox reactions at the anode and cathode thereby producing electrical current capable of performing work when the anode and cathode are electrically connected.

Provided are an artificial photosynthesis module electrode with high efficiency and an artificial photosynthesis module having the artificial photosynthesis module electrode.

The artificial photosynthesis module electrode has a first electrode that decomposes a raw material fluid with light to obtain a first fluid, a first conductive member connected to the first electrode, a second electrode that decomposes the raw material fluid with light to obtain the second fluid, and a second conductive member connected to the second electrode. The first electrode has a plurality of first electrode parts connected to the first conductive member and disposed with a gap in a first direction on a first plane. The second electrode has a plurality of second electrode parts connected to the second conductive member and disposed with a gap in the first direction on a second plane parallel to or identical to the first plane. The first electrode part and the second electrode part are alternately disposed with each other as seen from a second direction perpendicular to the first plane. An electrode spacing between the first electrode part and the second electrode part is more than 5 m and less than 1 mm.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes, in order: a first layer that includes MA.sub.w; a second layer that includes MO.sub.yA.sub.z; and a third layer that includes MO.sub.x, where M includes a transition metal, A includes at least one of sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium, w is between greater than zero and less than or equal to five, x is between greater than zero and less than or equal to five, y is between greater than zero and less than or equal to five, and z is between greater than zero and less than or equal to five. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the transition metal may include at least one of molybdenum and/or tungsten. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, A may be sulfur.

The invention relates to a method for dissociating an aqueous solution which includes electrochemical oxidation of the aqueous solution in the presence of pulsed light, said pulsed light being generated from a first source of light energy with a predetermined pulse frequency value, using an enzyme composition based on a first enzyme complex PSII, isolated from a second enzyme complex PSI, with production of oxygen, free electrons and free protons in the aqueous solution, characterised in that said light energy has a variable energy value over time, said method also including a step of modulating said predetermined pulse frequency value of said pulsed light.

A system and method are provided in at least one embodiment to process water to produce gas that can be separated into at least two gas flows using a water treatment system having a disk-pack rotating in it to cause out gassing from the water. In a further embodiment, the method and system use the gas released from the water to produce substantially fresh water from the processed salt water.

Method for preparing a synthesis gas suitable for the synthesis of ammonia or methanol, the method comprises the step of feeding to the radiant portion of a primary reformer an oxygen-enriched air obtained by mixing air with an oxygen stream generated by water electrolysis.

To provide an oxygen and hydrogen production technology that is novel, convenient, and environmentally suitable, and decomposes water at a high rate. Based on the finding that an aromatic amine polymer acts as an oxidation catalyst that generates oxygen from water and a polyarylenevinylene acts as a reduction catalyst that generates hydrogen from water, oxygen and hydrogen are generated at a high rate by applying a slight overpotential relative to an equilibrium potential because these catalysts operate at a very low overpotential. Further, irradiation of the water-oxidation?oxygen-generation catalyst with light including solar light increases a production rate of oxygen and hydrogen. The aromatic amine polymer and the polyarylenevinylene are both aromatic polymers, are low cost, and have considerably high durability in water over a wide pH range and in addition, they may have hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity, interface area, and shape suited for electrode catalysts.