Techniques are described for transferring nanofiber forests using transfer films that either lack a conventional adhesive at the substrate-nanofiber forest interface or that include a diffusion barrier that prevents diffusion of adhesive molecules (or other polymer molecules mobile at ambient temperatures) into the nanofiber forest. These techniques can be applied to single layer nanofiber forests or stacks of multiple nanofiber forest. By selecting the bond strength between the nanofiber forest and the transfer films, the nanofibers can be aligned in a common direction that includes, but is not limited to, perpendicular to a substrate or transfer film.

A plurality of CNTs are drawn out of VACNTs so as to be continuous in lines and are bundled into a thread shape, and a temporary thread bundled into a thread shape is temporarily wound on the first winder. The first winder is then rotated about an axis along a feeding direction of the temporary thread to twist the temporary thread while the temporary thread is fed from the first winder.

A carbon-based material post-modification reactor includes: a feeding port located upstream from the carbon-based material post-modification reactor and adapted to feed a carbon-based raw material into the reactor; a discharging port located downstream from the carbon-based material post-modification reactor and adapted to output a modified carbon-based material; and a screw conveying device disposed in the reactor to simultaneously convey and turn over the carbon-based raw material in the reactor, between the feeding port and the discharging port; and an intake device for inputting ozone gas to the interior of the carbon-based material post-modification reactor. The screw conveying device includes a shaft portion, reverse inner spiral blade group and forward outer spiral blade group. The screw conveying device simultaneously conveys forward, conveys reversely, and turns over the carbon-based raw material in the carbon-based material post-modification reactor, thereby enhancing the performance of post-modification reaction.

A carbon-based material post-modification reactor includes: a feeding port located upstream from the carbon-based material post-modification reactor and adapted to feed a carbon-based raw material into the reactor; a discharging port located downstream from the carbon-based material post-modification reactor and adapted to output a modified carbon-based material; and a screw conveying device disposed in the reactor to simultaneously convey and turn over the carbon-based raw material in the reactor, between the feeding port and the discharging port; and an intake device for inputting ozone gas to the interior of the carbon-based material post-modification reactor. The screw conveying device includes a shaft portion, reverse inner spiral blade group and forward outer spiral blade group. The screw conveying device simultaneously conveys forward, conveys reversely, and turns over the carbon-based raw material in the carbon-based material post-modification reactor, thereby enhancing the performance of post-modification reaction.

Composite assemblies are described that can be switched from a transparent state to a non transparent state, and in some examples even switched between different colors/reflectivities in the non transparent state. Switching between these states can be initiated by application of an electrical current to Ag carbon nanotube yarns in contact with an electrochromic electrolyte. The carbon nanotube yarns increase the efficiency with which electrons are provided to an electrolyte.

A method for preparing a sulfur-carbon composite including: (a) stirring a porous carbon material in a solvent mixture including a carbonate-based compound and a volatile solvent and then drying; and (b) mixing the dried porous carbon material with sulfur and then depositing the sulfur in and on the porous carbon material by a heat melting method. A method for preparing a sulfur-carbon composite including: (a) mixing and stirring a porous carbon material and sulfur in a solvent mixture including a carbonate-based compound and a volatile solvent and then drying; and (b) depositing the sulfur in and on the porous carbon material by a heat melting method. In the sulfur-carbon composite, sulfur present in and on the porous carbon material, a proportion of β-monoclinic sulfur phase to sulfur contained in the sulfur-carbon composite is 90% or more based on a total molar ratio of sulfur.

A method for preparing a sulfur-carbon composite including: (a) stirring a porous carbon material in a solvent mixture including a carbonate-based compound and a volatile solvent and then drying; and (b) mixing the dried porous carbon material with sulfur and then depositing the sulfur in and on the porous carbon material by a heat melting method. A method for preparing a sulfur-carbon composite including: (a) mixing and stirring a porous carbon material and sulfur in a solvent mixture including a carbonate-based compound and a volatile solvent and then drying; and (b) depositing the sulfur in and on the porous carbon material by a heat melting method. In the sulfur-carbon composite, sulfur present in and on the porous carbon material, a proportion of β-monoclinic sulfur phase to sulfur contained in the sulfur-carbon composite is 90% or more based on a total molar ratio of sulfur.

Provided is a CNT film coated substrate in which CNT is fixed to a substrate using a click reaction, so that a CNT film is uniformly formed with a high density and adhesive strength between the CNT film and the substrate is excellent to have high stability to water or an organic solvent. In the case of the conventional CNT film which was manufactured by spin coating, most of CNT was peeled off in a washing process, but in the case of the CNT film coated substrate according to the present invention, a high-density uniform CNT film coated substrate may be manufactured even after washing, and reproducibility between substrates may be secured.

Provided is a CNT film coated substrate in which CNT is fixed to a substrate using a click reaction, so that a CNT film is uniformly formed with a high density and adhesive strength between the CNT film and the substrate is excellent to have high stability to water or an organic solvent. In the case of the conventional CNT film which was manufactured by spin coating, most of CNT was peeled off in a washing process, but in the case of the CNT film coated substrate according to the present invention, a high-density uniform CNT film coated substrate may be manufactured even after washing, and reproducibility between substrates may be secured.

Embodiments described are directed to methods for the functionalization of asphaltene materials and to compositions made from functionalized asphaltenes. Disclosed is a method for synthesizing graphene derivatives, such as 2D single crystalline carbon allotropes of graphene and functional materials, such as sulfonic acid and its derivatives. Also disclosed is a method for the transformation of asphaltene into a source of graphene derivatives and functional materials, such as, 0D, 1D, 2D and combinations of 0D and 1D by utilizing chemical substitution reaction mechanism, such as, electrophilic aromatic substitution, nucleophilic aromatic substitution and Sandmeyer mechanism. Also disclosed are novel graphene materials comprising: acetylenic linkage and hydrogenated graphene. These novel materials, which may be produced by these methods, include, e.g.: 2D single crystalline carbon allotropes of graphene with asymmetric unit formulas C.sub.7H.sub.6N.sub.2O.sub.4, C.sub.6H.sub.4N.sub.2O.sub.4, C.sub.7H.sub.7O.sub.3S− H.sub.3O+, C.sub.7H.sub.7O.sub.3SH+, and a 2D single crystal with asymmetric unit formula (Na.sub.6O.sub.16S.sub.4)n.