A composite cathode active material, a cathode including the composite cathode active material, and a lithium battery including the cathode are provided. The composite cathode active material includes a core including a lithium metal oxide and a coating layer on the core, wherein the lithium metal oxide includes two or more transition metals including nickel (Ni), an amount of Ni within one mole of the two or more transition metals included in the lithium metal oxide is about 0.65 mol or greater, the coating layer includes LiF, and a resistance of the composite cathode active material is lower than that of the core.

Provided is a method of simply producing high-quality graphite oxide. The present invention relates to a method of producing a carbon material composite containing graphite oxide and at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant, the method including: oxidizing graphite; mixing an aqueous dispersion obtained through the oxidizing, the aqueous dispersion containing graphite oxide dispersed therein, and the at least one surfactant selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant; and purifying the carbon material composite.

Provided is a graphite plate, consisting essentially of: graphite; and pores, wherein said graphite plate has a porosity from 1% to 30%. Further provided is a method for producing a graphite plate, including: applying welding pressure to at least one glass-like carbon material in a state in which said at least one glass-like carbon material is maintained in an inert atmosphere under heating conditions, to produce a graphite plate having a porosity from 1% to 30%.

Provided is a graphite plate, consisting essentially of: graphite; and pores, wherein said graphite plate has a porosity from 1% to 30%. Further provided is a method for producing a graphite plate, including: applying welding pressure to at least one glass-like carbon material in a state in which said at least one glass-like carbon material is maintained in an inert atmosphere under heating conditions, to produce a graphite plate having a porosity from 1% to 30%.

Provided is a continuous reactor system for producing graphene or an inorganic 2-D compound, the reactor comprising: (a) a first body comprising an outer wall and a second body comprising an inner wall, wherein the inner wall defines a bore and the first body is configured within the bore and a motor is configured to rotate the first and/or second body; (b) a reaction chamber between the outer wall of the first body and the inner wall of the second body; (c) a first inlet and a second inlet disposed at first end of the reactor and in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; (d) a first outlet and a second outlet disposed downstream from the first inlet, the outlets being in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; and (e) a flow return conduit having two inlets/outlets in fluid communication with two ends of the reactor.

Provided is a continuous reactor system for producing graphene or an inorganic 2-D compound, the reactor comprising: (a) a first body comprising an outer wall and a second body comprising an inner wall, wherein the inner wall defines a bore and the first body is configured within the bore and a motor is configured to rotate the first and/or second body; (b) a reaction chamber between the outer wall of the first body and the inner wall of the second body; (c) a first inlet and a second inlet disposed at first end of the reactor and in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; (d) a first outlet and a second outlet disposed downstream from the first inlet, the outlets being in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; and (e) a flow return conduit having two inlets/outlets in fluid communication with two ends of the reactor.

Provided is a continuous reactor system for producing graphene or an inorganic 2-D compound, the reactor comprising: (a) a rust body comprising an outer wall and a second body comprising an inner wall, wherein the inner wall defines a bore and the first body is configured within the bore and a motor is configured to rotate the first and/or second body; (b) a reaction chamber between the outer wall of the first body and the inner wall of the second body; (c) a first inlet and a second inlet disposed at first end of the reactor and in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; (d) a first outlet and a second outlet disposed downstream from the first inlet, the outlets being in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; and (e) a flow return conduit having two inlets/outlets in fluid communication with two ends of the reactor.

Provided is a continuous reactor system for producing graphene or an inorganic 2-D compound, the reactor comprising: (a) a rust body comprising an outer wall and a second body comprising an inner wall, wherein the inner wall defines a bore and the first body is configured within the bore and a motor is configured to rotate the first and/or second body; (b) a reaction chamber between the outer wall of the first body and the inner wall of the second body; (c) a first inlet and a second inlet disposed at first end of the reactor and in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; (d) a first outlet and a second outlet disposed downstream from the first inlet, the outlets being in fluid communication with the reaction chamber; and (e) a flow return conduit having two inlets/outlets in fluid communication with two ends of the reactor.

A method for producing nanoplates derived from a layered material, includes the steps: (a) mixing particles of said layered material with a carrier liquid to form a dispersion of said particles in said carrier liquid; (b) pressurizing the dispersion to a pressure of at least 10 kpsi; and (c) forcing the dispersion along a microfluidic channel under said pressure, to apply a shear rate of at least 10.sup.5 s.sup.1 to said particles in the dispersion. Exfoliation of nanoplates from said particles is thereby caused. The nanoplates may be graphene nanoplates, for example. Steps (b) and (c) may be repeated for a number of cycles in order to promote exfoliation. The method may be carried out using a microfluidizer.

A method for producing nanoplates derived from a layered material, includes the steps: (a) mixing particles of said layered material with a carrier liquid to form a dispersion of said particles in said carrier liquid; (b) pressurizing the dispersion to a pressure of at least 10 kpsi; and (c) forcing the dispersion along a microfluidic channel under said pressure, to apply a shear rate of at least 10.sup.5 s.sup.1 to said particles in the dispersion. Exfoliation of nanoplates from said particles is thereby caused. The nanoplates may be graphene nanoplates, for example. Steps (b) and (c) may be repeated for a number of cycles in order to promote exfoliation. The method may be carried out using a microfluidizer.