Jute stick/stalk can be used to prepared and carboxylated to yield useful activated carbons, e.g., for removing Pb.sup.2+ from drinking water. Such activated carbons can act as an inexpensive adsorbents using agricultural waste or by-products. Carboxylation of jute stick activated carbon (JSAC) can improve its efficiency for Pb.sup.2+ removal, e.g., from aqueous solutions, even if its BET surface area is reduced. Carboxylated JSAC (JSAC-COO.sup.) can have surface areas around 615.30.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 m.sup.2/g. JSAC-COO.sup. can treat varied Pb.sup.2+ concentrations, 10, 25 mg/L, etc., pHs, e.g., 4.0, 7.0, etc., temperatures, e.g., 15 C., 27 C., etc., and contact periods, e.g., 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 minutes, etc, achieving up to 99.8% Pb.sup.2+ removal within 15 minutes of contact JSAC-COO.sup. adsorption capacity can be >25.0 mg Pb.sup.2+/g, as well as other metal ions, with potential for water and/or gas treatment.

Jute stick/stalk can be used to prepared and carboxylated to yield useful activated carbons, e.g., for removing Pb.sup.2+ from drinking water. Such activated carbons can act as an inexpensive adsorbents using agricultural waste or by-products. Carboxylation of jute stick activated carbon (JSAC) can improve its efficiency for Pb.sup.2+ removal, e.g., from aqueous solutions, even if its BET surface area is reduced. Carboxylated JSAC (JSAC-COO.sup.) can have surface areas around 615.30.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 m.sup.2/g. JSAC-COO.sup. can treat varied Pb.sup.2+ concentrations, 10, 25 mg/L, etc., pHs, e.g., 4.0, 7.0, etc., temperatures, e.g., 15 C., 27 C., etc., and contact periods, e.g., 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 minutes, etc, achieving up to 99.8% Pb.sup.2+ removal within 15 minutes of contact JSAC-COO.sup. adsorption capacity can be >25.0 mg Pb.sup.2+/g, as well as other metal ions, with potential for water and/or gas treatment.

One aspect is a production process including feeding a feed material composition into a reaction zone at a feeding position, wherein the feed material composition is liquid or gaseous or both; reacting the feed material composition in the reaction zone into a first plurality of particles by a chemical reaction; depositing the first plurality of particles onto a substrate surface of a substrate, thereby obtaining a porous silicon dioxide material, having a pore structure, in the form of up to 20 layers superimposing the substrate surface; at least partially removing the porous silicon dioxide material from the substrate surface; and modifying the pore structure of the porous silicon dioxide material, thereby obtaining the porous silicon dioxide material having a further pore structure.

One aspect is a production process including feeding a feed material composition into a reaction zone at a feeding position, wherein the feed material composition is liquid or gaseous or both; reacting the feed material composition in the reaction zone into a first plurality of particles by a chemical reaction; depositing the first plurality of particles onto a substrate surface of a substrate, thereby obtaining a porous silicon dioxide material, having a pore structure, in the form of up to 20 layers superimposing the substrate surface; at least partially removing the porous silicon dioxide material from the substrate surface; and modifying the pore structure of the porous silicon dioxide material, thereby obtaining the porous silicon dioxide material having a further pore structure.

Described herein are processes for preparation of a carbon foam material, the processes including the steps of heating in a microwave heating apparatus a mixture including a coal material and at least one additional agent. The additional agent can be a flux agent such a carbohydrate syrup, a secondary flux agent, a lignocellulosic waste material, a conductive carbon compound, a solvent, and combinations thereof. Also described are processes for calcining a carbon foam material in a furnace, a microwave heating apparatus, or an inductive field heater. The described calcining process can impart electrical conductivity and mechanical strength to carbon foams. Also described are carbon foam materials, calcined carbon foams, and composite materials. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

Described herein are processes for preparation of a carbon foam material, the processes including the steps of heating in a microwave heating apparatus a mixture including a coal material and at least one additional agent. The additional agent can be a flux agent such a carbohydrate syrup, a secondary flux agent, a lignocellulosic waste material, a conductive carbon compound, a solvent, and combinations thereof. Also described are processes for calcining a carbon foam material in a furnace, a microwave heating apparatus, or an inductive field heater. The described calcining process can impart electrical conductivity and mechanical strength to carbon foams. Also described are carbon foam materials, calcined carbon foams, and composite materials. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure.

The present invention relates to an activated carbon having an electric conductivity of 3.5 S/cm or more obtained by powder resistance measurement under a load of 12 kN and an oxygen content of 3.0% by mass or more, and a metal-carrying activated carbon using the same, and the like.

The method and system for recycling waste including plastic waste of the present invention includes a carbonizing step in which waste including disused plastic products such as PET bottles is carbonized in a carbonization furnace in which the temperature is raised in stages multiple times.

Disclosed herein are activated carbons having high decolorization performance in liquid phases, especially in liquid phases having relatively high viscosities, such as sugar liquids, and methods for producing the activated carbons. Activated carbons disclosed herein include activated carbons having a pore volume at a pore diameter of 10 to 10000 nm measured by the mercury intrusion method of 0.8 to 1.9 mL/g, and having a pore volume at a pore diameter of 300 to 1000 nm measured by the mercury intrusion method of 0.19 mL/g or more.

Disclosed herein are activated carbons having a high decolorization performance in a liquid phase, and methods for producing the activated carbons. Disclosed herein are also activated carbons having a high decolorization performance in liquid phases having relatively high viscosities, such as sugar liquids, and methods for producing the activated carbons. Activated carbons disclosed herein include activated carbons having a pore volume, which is calculated by measuring a nitrogen adsorption isotherm at 77 K and performing the MP method analysis, of 0.58 mL/g or less, and having a pore volume at a pore diameter of 10 to 10000 nm measured by the mercury intrusion method of 0.35 mL/g or more.