Fabricating a nanofiber sheet, ribbon, or yarn by a continuous process that includes synthesizing a nanofiber forest in a furnace growth region on a substrate, wherein the nanofiber forest comprises a parallel array of nanofibers, and further includes drawing said nanofibers from the nanofiber forest to form a primary assembly that is the sheet, ribbon or yarn. The substrate continuously moves from the furnace growth region into a region where the nanofibers in the forest are drawn.

A device including an array of aligned conductive channels. The conductive channels are operable for directional transport of species selected from the group consisting of electrons, ions, phonons, and combinations thereof. The conductive channels are provided for by nanofibers in a form selected from the group consisting of ribbons, sheets, yarns, and combinations thereof.

A process of producing a yarn, ribbon or sheet that includes nanofibers in which the process includes forming a yarn, ribbon or sheet comprising nanofibers, and applying an enhancing agent comprising a polymer to the yarn, ribbon or sheet.

Fabricating a nanofiber ribbon or sheet with a process that includes providing a primary assembly by arranging carbon nanotube nanofibers in aligned arrays, the arrays having a degree of inter-fiber connectivity, drawing the carbon nanotube nanofibers from the primary assembly into a sheet or ribbon, and depositing the sheet or ribbon on a substrate.

A process of producing a yarn, ribbon or sheet comprising nanofibers that includes infiltrating a liquid into the yarn, ribbon or sheet and evaporating the liquid from the yarn, ribbon, or sheet to strengthen the yarn, ribbon or sheet. The yarn, ribbon, or sheet can be formed by solid-state draw from a carbon nanotube forest.

The invention provides methods for regenerating activated carbon that have been used in absorbing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous solution. In these methods, the activated carbon is treated with a solution of base in alcohol, which has been found to impart superior properties to the activated carbon.

A carbon-based porous material microscopically exhibiting a three-dimension 1 cross-linked net-like hierarchical pore structure, a specific surface area of 5002,500 m.sup.2/g and a water contact angle greater than 90. The surface of the carbon-based porous material has a through hierarchical pore structure with mesopores nested in macropores and micropores nested in mesopores, the content of mesopores is high, and there are more adsorption activity sites exposed on the surface of the material, so that the diffusion path for organic gas molecules in the adsorption process is shortened. At the same time, the absorption and desorption rates may also be accelerated and the desorption temperature may be lowered. Furthermore, benefits result for solving the desorption and recovery problems of organic gas molecules. Moreover, the defects of ordinary porous carbon materials being easily hygroscopic, having a weakened capacity to adsorb target gas molecules in a humid environment, etc. are further effectively solved.

A carbon-based porous material microscopically exhibiting a three-dimension 1 cross-linked net-like hierarchical pore structure, a specific surface area of 5002,500 m.sup.2/g and a water contact angle greater than 90. The surface of the carbon-based porous material has a through hierarchical pore structure with mesopores nested in macropores and micropores nested in mesopores, the content of mesopores is high, and there are more adsorption activity sites exposed on the surface of the material, so that the diffusion path for organic gas molecules in the adsorption process is shortened. At the same time, the absorption and desorption rates may also be accelerated and the desorption temperature may be lowered. Furthermore, benefits result for solving the desorption and recovery problems of organic gas molecules. Moreover, the defects of ordinary porous carbon materials being easily hygroscopic, having a weakened capacity to adsorb target gas molecules in a humid environment, etc. are further effectively solved.

A method of forming an activated carbon composite includes optionally performing a pre-treatment of a primary carbonaceous material, adding an additive composition to the primary carbonaceous material to form a composite, optionally performing a post-treatment of the composite, wherein at least one of the pre-treatment and the post-treatment are performed, to form the activated carbon composite. A method of treating water or gas includes contacting contaminated water or gas including one or more contaminants with a carbonaceous material and one or more additives to form treated water or gas having a lower concentration of the one or more contaminants than the contaminated water or gas.

A method of forming an activated carbon composite includes optionally performing a pre-treatment of a primary carbonaceous material, adding an additive composition to the primary carbonaceous material to form a composite, optionally performing a post-treatment of the composite, wherein at least one of the pre-treatment and the post-treatment are performed, to form the activated carbon composite. A method of treating water or gas includes contacting contaminated water or gas including one or more contaminants with a carbonaceous material and one or more additives to form treated water or gas having a lower concentration of the one or more contaminants than the contaminated water or gas.