A display substrate having a transparent electrode and manufacturing method thereof includes a transparent substrate, and a patterned channel is disposed on the transparent substrate; a transparent electrode including a composite material of MXene material and polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the transparent electrode is filled in the patterned channel. The transparent electrode of embodiments of the present disclosure has advantages of high transmittance, high conductivity, great machinability, great substrate affinity, great ductility, etc.

Disclosed herein are structures comprising a titanium, zirconium, or hafnium powder particle with titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, or hafnium carbide (respectively) nano-whiskers grown directly from and anchored to the powder particle. Also disclosed are methods for fabrication of such structures, involving heating the powder particles and exposing the particles to an organic gas.

Disclosed herein are structures comprising a titanium, zirconium, or hafnium powder particle with titanium carbide, zirconium carbide, or hafnium carbide (respectively) nano-whiskers grown directly from and anchored to the powder particle. Also disclosed are methods for fabrication of such structures, involving heating the powder particles and exposing the particles to an organic gas.

An aligned film having first and second faces opposed to each other, the aligned film having (a) a plurality of layers aligned non-parallel to the first and second faces between the faces of the aligned film, each layer having a crystal lattice represented by: M.sub.n+1X.sub.n (wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; and n is 1, 2, or 3), each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, and at least one of two opposing surfaces of each said layer have at least one modifier or terminal T selected from a hydroxy group, a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom; and (b) magnetic nanoparticles carried on a layer surface and/or between two adjacent layers of the plurality of layers.

An aligned film having first and second faces opposed to each other, the aligned film having (a) a plurality of layers aligned non-parallel to the first and second faces between the faces of the aligned film, each layer having a crystal lattice represented by: M.sub.n+1X.sub.n (wherein M is at least one metal of Group 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7; X is a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; and n is 1, 2, or 3), each X is positioned within an octahedral array of M, and at least one of two opposing surfaces of each said layer have at least one modifier or terminal T selected from a hydroxy group, a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom; and (b) magnetic nanoparticles carried on a layer surface and/or between two adjacent layers of the plurality of layers.

Electroconductive two-dimensional particles composed of a layered material having one or more layers, wherein each of the one or more layers is a layer body represented by M.sub.mX.sub.n (M represents at least one group 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 metal; X represents a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; n represents a number from 1 to 4; m represents a number that is larger than n but not larger than 5), and a modification or terminal T (T represents at least one atom or group selected from a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom) is present on the surface of the layer body; the Li content is from 0.0001% by mass to 0.0020% by mass; and the average value of the lengths of two-dimensional surfaces of the electroconductive two-dimensional particles is from 1.0 μm to 20 μm.

Electroconductive two-dimensional particles composed of a layered material having one or more layers, wherein each of the one or more layers is a layer body represented by M.sub.mX.sub.n (M represents at least one group 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 metal; X represents a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or a combination thereof; n represents a number from 1 to 4; m represents a number that is larger than n but not larger than 5), and a modification or terminal T (T represents at least one atom or group selected from a hydroxyl group, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom) is present on the surface of the layer body; the Li content is from 0.0001% by mass to 0.0020% by mass; and the average value of the lengths of two-dimensional surfaces of the electroconductive two-dimensional particles is from 1.0 μm to 20 μm.

A manufacturing apparatus of carbide of the present disclosure includes a tank, a lid, a molten salt crucible, an electrode assembly, an air intake device and a heating device. The lid is connected to the tank to jointly delimit a compartment. The molten salt crucible is disposed in the compartment for containing a salt. The electrode assembly includes a working electrode and a counter electrode. An end of the working electrode and an end of the counter electrode both contact the salt in the molten salt crucible, and the end of the working electrode contacting the salt is for fixing a reactant tablet. The air intake device is configured to exchange the air in the compartment. The heating device is configured to heat the compartment.

A manufacturing apparatus of carbide of the present disclosure includes a tank, a lid, a molten salt crucible, an electrode assembly, an air intake device and a heating device. The lid is connected to the tank to jointly delimit a compartment. The molten salt crucible is disposed in the compartment for containing a salt. The electrode assembly includes a working electrode and a counter electrode. An end of the working electrode and an end of the counter electrode both contact the salt in the molten salt crucible, and the end of the working electrode contacting the salt is for fixing a reactant tablet. The air intake device is configured to exchange the air in the compartment. The heating device is configured to heat the compartment.

A manufacturing method of a carbide includes steps as follows. A carbon source is provided, a contacting step, a heating step and an electrochemical step are performed. The carbon source includes an amorphous carbon and a compound. The compound is a chalcogen compound, a pnictide compound, a halide, a hydroxide or a salt of a metal or a metalloid. In the contacting step, the carbon source is disposed in an alkaline earth metal halide to form a reactant. In the heating step, the reactant is heated to form a heated reactant. In the electrochemical step, a current is applied to the heated reactant, wherein the current passes through the carbon source, so as to make the alkaline earth metal halide, the amorphous carbon and the compound react with one another to form a carbide of the metal or the metalloid.